Figure 2. (A) Emergent adult body mass and (B) absolute mass loss over winter (pre-pupa to adult) for female (open circles, n = 58) and male (black circles, n = 51) bees exposed to pollen spiked with clothianidin during larval development at one of four doses (Mean ± 95% confidence interval (CI); 0 ppb m = 8, f = 14; 1 ppb m = 14, f = 12; 3 ppb m = 15, f = 16; 10 ppb m = 14, f = 16).

Data in (A) are least-square means estimated by an ANCOVA performed for each sex, with treatment as a main effect and log-transformed pollen mass as a co-variate (Females provision weight = 325.69 mg, Males = 222.23 mg).