Table 2. Development time and larval, pupal and overwinter survival rates of Osmia bicornis reared on pollen provisions spiked with different concentrations of clothianidin.
| Larval development and survival | Pupation success | Over-wintering survival | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLO (ppb) | N Eggs | Development time (Days) | % Mortality (Larval) | N Cocoons | % Mortality (Pupal) | % Mortality (Overwinter) | N Emerged adults | % Survival (Overall) | ||
| Mean ± SD | Range | m | f | |||||||
| 0 | 31 | 31 ± 5 | 24–41 | 6.45 | 29 | 13.79 | 8.80 | 8 | 14 | 70.97 |
| 1 | 33 | 31 ± 4 | 23–39 | 9.09 | 30 | 6.67 | 7.14 | 14 | 12 | 78.78 |
| 3 | 38 | 30 ± 4 | 24–42 | 9.21 | 35 | 5.71 | 6.06 | 15 | 16 | 81.58 |
| 10 | 36 | 32 ± 4 | 21–38 | 8.88 | 32 | 6.25 | 0.00 | 14 | 16 | 83.33 |