Table 2.
Demographic information and clinical characteristics according to study group. Tachycardia was defined as a heart rate ≥190 beats/minute in children aged <12 months and heart rate ≥140 beats/minute in children aged ≥12 months. Tachypnea was defined as respiratory rate >50 breaths/minute for children aged 2–11 months and respiratory rate >40 breaths/minute for children aged ≥12 months.
| Characteristics | Children without respiratory symptoms (n = 230) | Pneumonia (n = 453) | Asthma (n = 133) | Bronchiolitis (n = 103) | Upper respiratory infection (n = 143) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age in months, mean (SD) | 41.3 (15.2) | 20.0 (14.6) | 30.4 (18.2) | 10.1 (10.1) | 24.7 (16.9) | <0.001 |
| Number < 12 months (%) | 30 (13) | 168 (37) | 33 (25) | 77 (75) | 44 (31) | <0.001 |
| Number of boys (%) | 117 (51) | 258 (57) | 87 (65) | 46 (35) | 88 (62) | 0.058 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
| Cough | 0 (0) | 453 (100) | 130 (98) | 103 (100) | 138 (97) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty breathing | 0 (0) | 416 (92) | 118 (89) | 91 (88) | 71 (50) | <0.001 |
| Rhinorrhea | 0 (0) | 376 (83) | 107 (80) | 83 (81) | 123 (86) | <0.001 |
| Fever | 0 (0) | 348 (77) | 69 (52) | 57 (55) | 55 (38) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 0 (0) | 96 (21) | 19 (14) | 23 (22) | 16 (11) | <0.001 |
| Chest indrawing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 203 (45) | 48 (36) | 48 (46) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| Temperature, mean (SD) | 36.4 (0.4) | 36.9 (0.7) | 36.9 (0.6) | 36.8 (0.6) | 36.7 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Number with ≥38.0 °C (%) | 1 (0) | 48 (11) | 9 (7) | 8 (8) | 8 (6) | <0.001 |
| Heart Rate | ||||||
| Infants, mean (SD) | 122 (14) | 138 (17) | 127 (19) | 135 (17) | 133 (15) | |
| Children, mean (SD) | 107 (10) | 129 (18) | 127 (17) | 129 (18) | 114 (16) | |
| Number with tachycardia (%) | 3 (1) | 89 (20) | 22 (17) | 7 (7) | 8 (6) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory Rate | ||||||
| Infants, mean (SD) | 29 (4) | 45 (11) | 46 (13) | 44 (13) | 35 (11) | |
| Children, mean (SD) | 23 (3) | 39 (11) | 36 (11) | 42 (13) | 27 (6) | |
| Number with tachypnea (%) | 1 (0) | 203 (45) | 43 (32) | 42 (41) | 13 (9) | <0.001 |
| Oxyhemoglobin Saturation (SpO2) %, mean (SD) | 99 (1) | 96 (3) | 96 (3) | 97 (2) | 99 (2) | |
| Number with SpO2 <95% (%) | 1 (0) | 47 (10) | 18 (14) | 7 (7) | 1 (1) | |
| Number with SpO2 <92% (%) | 1 (0) | 175 (39) | 51 (38) | 23 (22) | 10 (7) | <0.001 |
| Auscultation findings, n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 230 (100) | 2 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 74 (52) | <0.001 |
| Wheezes | 0 (0) | 200 (44) | 100 (75) | 65 (63) | 8 (6) | <0.001 |
| Crackles | 0 (0) | 335 (74) | 53 (40) | 50 (49) | 7 (5) | <0.001 |
| Decreased breath sounds | 0 (0) | 80 (19) | 13 (10) | 4 (4) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| Rhonchi | 0 (0) | 157 (35) | 42 (32) | 46 (45) | 9 (6) | <0.001 |