Table 4. Descriptive characteristics and levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and sedentary time in children with diabetes mellitus.
| Reference* | Place and publication year | Sample group n, male% and age (yrs) |
Control group n, male% and age (yrs) |
Measurement | Accelerometry methods | MVPA | Sedentary time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuenca-Garcia et al [43] | UK, 2012 | n: 60, (67% male) | n: 37, (54% male) | Actigraph GT1M, worn for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch = 60s | Patients mean 28 (SD 21) min/day | N/A |
| Age: mean 12.5 (SD 2.3) | Age: mean 12 (SD 2.5) | MVPA ≥ 3200 cpm | Control group mean 20 (SD 11) min/day | ||||
| MVPA difference not significant (p = 0.06) | |||||||
| Kriska et al [44] | USA, 2013 | n: 669, (51.5% male) | N/A | Actigraph AM7164, worn on waist for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch = 60 s. Freedson cut-point [35] | 10–14 year old mean boys 35 (SD 26); girls 27 (SD 18) min/ day | 10–14 year old mean boys 495 (SD 144); girls 479 (SD 141) min/day |
| Age: range 10–17 | Sedentary time < 100 cpm | 15–18 year old mean (boys 26 (SD 24); girls 8 (SD 9) min/day | 15–18 year old mean boys 526 (SD 143); girls 546 (SD 143) min/day | ||||
| MVPA low in patients than healthy comparison groups | |||||||
| All patients failed to reach an average of 60 min/day MVPA | |||||||
| MacMillan et al [45] | UK, 2014 | n: 40, (50% male) | N/A | Actigraph GT3X, worn on waist for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch = 15s | Patients mean of 43 (SD 24) min/day | Patients mean 612 (SD 102) min/day |
| MVPA ≥ 3200 cpm | MVPA similar in patients and healthy comparison groups | ||||||
| Age: mean 11.1 (SD 2.7) | Sedentary time < 100 cpm | 5% of patients achieved an average of 60 min per day of MVPA | |||||
| Maggio et al [46] | Switzerland, 2010 | n: 45 | n: 85 | Actigraph 6471, worn for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch not clearly reported | Patients mean 54 (SD 7) min/day | Patients mean 77% waking time sedentary |
| Age: mean 10.7 (SD 0.4) | Age: mean 10.1 (SD 0.3) | MVPA > 2000 cpm | Control group mean 71 (SD 5) min/day | Control group mean 70% waking time sedentary | |||
| Sedentary time < 500 cpm | The difference not significant (p = 0.07) | Significantly higher in patient (p < 0.01) | |||||
| 39% of patient and 60% of control group achieved an average of 60 min/day of MVPA | |||||||
| Nguyen et al [47] | Canada, 2015 | n: 16; (n = 8) good glycemic control, (n = 8) poor glycemic control | n: 8 | Actigraph GT1, worn on the right hip for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch = 3s, Evenson cut-point [30] | Patients with good glycemic control mean 46 (SD 16) min/day | N/A |
| Age: range 8–16 | Age: range 8–16 | MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm | Patients with poor glycemic control mean 47 (SD 8) min/day | ||||
| Sedentary time < 100 cpm | Control group mean 54 (SD 28) min/day | ||||||
| The difference not significant (p = 0.07) | |||||||
| Sarnblad et al [48] | Sweden, 2005 | n: 26, (100% female) | n: 49 | Actigraph 6471 worn on the hip for 7 days during waking hours | Epoch = 60s | Patients mean of 56 (SD 20) min/da | Patients mean 443 (SD 60) min/day |
| Age: range 12–19 | Age: range 12–19 | MVPA > 1952 cpm | Control group mean 60 (SD 23) min/day | Control group mean 390 (SD 27) min/day | |||
| Sedentary time < 100 cpm | The difference not significant (p = 0.07) | Significantly higher in patient than control group (P = 0.002) | |||||
| Sundberg et al [49] | Sweden, 2012 | n:24, (50% male) | n: 26, (46.2% male) | Actiheart, for 7 days | Epoch = 60s | Absolute MVPA not given | Absolute sedentary time not given |
| Age: mean boys 4.3 (SD 1.6); girls 4.7 (SD 1.9) | Age: mean boys 4.9 (SD 1.4); girls 4.4 (SD 1.8) | MVPA cut-point not clearly reported | MVPA significantly lower in patients than the control group (p = 0.02 | Significantly higher in patient than control group (p = 0.03) | |||
| Sedentary time < 100 cpm | |||||||
| Trigona et al [50] | Switzerland, 2010 | n: 32, (53% male) | n: 42, (40% male) | Actigraph 6471, worn on hip for at least 4 days during waking hours | Epoch = 60s | Patients mean 53 (95% CI 33–74) min/day | |
| Age: range 6–17 | Age: range 6–17 | MVPA > 2000 cpm | Control group mean 77 (95% CI 58–97) min/day | ||||
| Significantly lower in patients than the control group (p < 0.008) | |||||||
| 35% of patients and 57% control group achieved an average of 60 min/day of MVPA |
cpm: counts per minutes; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; n: Number; S: Second; Data are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise; Freedson MVPA cutpoint [35] calculated using the following equation: METS = 2.757 + (0.0015 x counts/min)–(0.08957 x age (yr))–(0.000038 x counts/min x age (yr)).
*6 studies [43, 46–50] recruited healthy control participants and measured MVPA and ST in the same way as in their patient participants and at the same time (referred to here as studies with control group), and 2 studies [44, 45] compared patient data with other studies (referred to here as studies with comparison groups.