| ASO |
Average Frontal Spinal Offsets |
ASO are computed as the mean of horizontal distances of each labelled spine landmark with respect to the vertical axis passing by S3; values <0 give offsets towards the left side, >0 towards the right side. |
| AGO |
Average Frontal Global Offsets |
AGO are the means of the of horizontal distances of each labelled spine landmark with respect to the vertical axis passing through the mid-point between the heels; values <0 give offsets towards the left side, >0 towards the right side. |
| |ASO| |
|Average Frontal Spinal Offset| |
Absolute value disregarding the side |
| |AGO| |
|Average Frontal Global Offset| |
Absolute value disregarding the side |
| ∆ASIS |
∆Anterior Superior Iliac Spine |
Height difference in the frontal plane as computed from ASIS levels (Right–Left Levels: sign indicates the higher side: level >0 means right higher than left and vice versa) |
| ∆PSIS |
∆Posterior Superior Iliac Spine |
Height difference in frontal plane as computed from PSIS levels (Right–Left Levels: sign indicates the higher side: >0 means right higher than left and vice versa) |
| |∆ASIS|: |
|∆Anterior Superior Iliac Spine| |
Absolute ASIS height difference in frontal plane disregarding the side |
| |∆PSIS|: |
|∆Posterior Superior Iliac Spine| |
Absolute PSIS height difference in frontal plane disregarding the side |
| PT |
Pelvis Torsion = ∆(∆ASIS-∆PSIS) |
values >0 indicate posterior rotation of right side with respect to the left Innominate bone while values <0 denote the opposite. Rotations are visualised around a horizontal axis running through the symphysis pubis. |
| |PT| |
|Pelvis Torsion| = ∆|(∆ASIS-∆PSIS)| |
Absolute value disregarding the side |
| PW |
Pelvis Width defined as Inter Hip Joint Centres Distance |
Distance between left and right Hip Joint Centres |
| CA1 |
1st
Cobb Angle |
Cobb angles of the largest “spinal deformities” found in the frontal plane |
| CA2 |
2nd
Cobb Angle |
Cobb angles of the 2nd largest “spinal deformities” found in the frontal plane |
| LLD |
Leg Length Discrepancy |
Right–Left Hip centres Levels: sign indicates the higher side: >0 right, <0 left) To consider both anatomical and functional LLD, the “optimal” underfoot wedge correction thickness has been considered as the value of LLD (see text) |
| |LLD| |
|Leg Length Discrepancy| |
Absolute value disregarding the side |
| ∆UL |
∆Underfoot Load |
Left vs. Right sides Body Weight Percentage Difference |
| TKA |
“Thoracic” Kyphosis Angles |
The computed angle in the identified kyphosis: see text for definition and explanation. |
| LLA |
“Lumbar” Lordosis Angles |
The computed angle in the identified lordosis: see text for definition and explanation. |
| KCL |
Kyphosis Curve Lengths |
As explained in the text kyphosis and lordosis curves are not strictly thoracic or lumbar, and they can vary in location and length. The length is computed in terms of the number of vertebrae between the identified limit vertebrae. |
| LCL |
Lordosis Curve Lengths |
| KLV |
Kyphosis Limit Vertebrae occurrence along the spine |
As explained in the text kyphosis and lordosis can vary in location and length along the spine. So for each spinous process, it is possible to count the number of times it is identified as a limit vertebra for kyphosis and lordosis among all subjects in the sample. The occurrence of KLV and LLV is expressed as a percentage; e.g. C7 = 10% in the “thoracic” kyphosis of Female group means that 10% of female subjects presented C7 as upper limit vertebra in the “thoracic” kyphosis. |
| LLV |
Lordosis Limit Vertebrae occurrence along the spine |
| T1-T12 |
Fixed Thoracic Kyphosis Angles |
The X-ray literature consistently reports kyphosis as bound by the thoracic region (see text). |
| T4-T12 |
Fixed Thoracic Kyphosis Angles |
The X-ray literature consistently reports kyphosis as bound by the thoracic region (see text). |
| T12-L5 |
Fixed Lumbar Lordosis Angles |
The X-ray literature consistently reports lordosis as bound by the lumbar region (see text). |
