Table 2.
Comparison of outcome measures from the 4 year neurodevelopmental evaluation: multiple gestation children with CHD compared to their non-affected siblings.
| Domain Measure |
Families n | CHD Children Median (Range) | Non-Affected Siblings Median (Range) | p-value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Parameters (WHO z-score)1 | ||||
| Head Circumference | 14 | 0.2 (−3.7, 2.2) | 0.7 (−3.3, 2.2) | 0.18 |
| Weight | 13 | −0.4 (−2.3, 0.4) | 0.1 (−1.2, 2.8) | 0.02 |
| Length | 13 | −0.6 (−3.9, 0.5) | −0.8 (−2.0, 1.0) | 0.07 |
| Investigator Administered2 | ||||
| Cognition | 13 | 99 (49, 130) | 109 (92, 127) | 0.02 |
| Language | 13 | 107 (50, 120) | 104 (82, 131) | 0.15 |
| Executive Function | 12 | 106 (63, 123) | 113.5 (88, 119) | 0.25 |
| VM Integration | 14 | 95 (48, 120) | 100.5 (83, 125) | 0.06 |
| Fine Motor Skills | 14 | 94.5 (45, 115) | 107.5 (86, 129) | <0.01 |
| Reading Achievement | 12 | 107 (76, 127) | 107.5 (85, 130) | 0.78 |
| Math Achievement | 14 | 101 (44, 124) | 102.5 (75, 123) | 0.16 |
| Parent Report | ||||
| Attention | 13 | 6 (0, 22) | 2 (0, 25) | 0.14 |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity | 13 | 6 (1, 17) | 4 (1, 24) | 0.78 |
| Social Competence | 13 | 115 (84, 123) | 116 (101, 123) | 0.06 |
Note. CHD, congenital heart disease; WHO, World Health Organization.
1
Population mean z-score = 0, 1 z-score = 1 standard deviation.
2
All scales in this category have a population norm of 100, standard deviation 15.
3
All p-values derived from non-parametric Wilcoxon sign-rank tests