Table 4.

Multivariate Analysis of Association of Calling, Rewarding Hours, Relationships, and Burnout with Career Commitment (n = 1289)

	Commitment to	Commitment to
	direct patient care	clinical practice
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Female	1.15 (0.86–1.52)	1.14 (0.77–1.68)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	–	–
Asian	0.59 (0.30–1.14)	0.64 (0.29–1.40)
Hispanic	1.02 (0.66–1.57)	0.56 (0.30–1.04)
African American	0.70 (0.38–1.29)	0.58 (0.29–1.15)
Other	0.56 (0.28–1.12)	0.86 (0.25–2.98)
US born
Immigrated	–	–
US born	1.11 (0.79–1.57)	0.62 (0.38–1.02)
Physician specialty
Primary care	–	–
Specialist	0.88 (0.68–1.13)	0.95 (0.69–1.32)
Years of practice
Practice years ≥0, <10	–	–
Practice years ≥10, <20	0.61 (0.40–0.93)	0.23 (0.10–0.51)
Practice years ≥20	0.28 (0.18–0.41)	0.05 (0.02–0.10)
Annual income category
Income <100 K	–	–
Income ≥100 K, <200 K	0.80 (0.53–1.22)	0.71 (0.37–1.36)
Income ≥200 K, <300 K	0.62 (0.39–1.05)	0.78 (0.40–1.53)
Income ≥300 K	0.80 (0.50–1.28)	0.88 (0.45–1.74)
Academic medical center
Non-academic	–	–
Academic	1.10 (0.85–1.43)	1.33 (0.89–1.98)
Medically underserved populations
Not underserved	–	–
Underserved	0.80 (0.61–1.04)	1.02 (0.71–1.47)
Practice of medicine is a calling
Strongly or somewhat disagree		–
Somewhat agree	2.03 (1.29–3.22)	2.00 (1.21–3.30)
Strongly agree	2.50 (1.53–4.07)	2.93 (1.62–5.29)
Personally rewarding hours a day
Hours ≥0, <2.5	–	–
Hours ≥2.5, <5.0	1.42 (0.93–2.18)	2.08 (1.23–3.50)
Hours ≥5.0, <7.5	1.49 (0.93–2.37)	2.58 (1.44–4.65)
Hours ≥7.5	1.76 (1.03–2.99)	3.46 (1.87–6.39)
Meaningful, long-term relationships with patients
None	–	–
A few	0.83 (0.56–1.23)	0.84 (0.53–1.33)
Many	1.01 (0.69–1.49)	1.07 (0.64–1.78)
Most	1.19 (0.73–1.93)	0.71 (0.40–1.25)
Feeling of being burned out
No	–	–
Yes	0.42 (0.31–0.58)	0.35 (0.24–0.50)

Note: Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were adjusted for probability weight, primary sampling units, and strata in survey data analysis