Table 2.
Health expenditures, financing policies for dialysis, and transplantation in the transplanted Southeast Asian countries.
| Countries | Populations (millions) in 2015 | Total spending for healthcare as % of GDP in 2014a | Out of pocket payment for health careb (%) | Prevalence of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases 2013, gross numbers (8) | Prevalence of treated ESRD cases 2013, per million populations (8) | Government policy for dialysis costs coverage | Government coverage for kidney transplantation costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore | 5.6 | 4.9 | 54.8 | 6,955 | 1,809.1 | Minimal | Limited |
| Brunei Darussalam |
0.4 | 2.6 | 6.0 | NA | NA | 100% | 100% |
| Malaysia | 30.3 | 4.2 | 35.3 | 33,887 | 1,140.4 | 58% of HD versus 100% of PD | 100% |
| Thailand | 68.0 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 71,037 | 1,096.6 |
|
100% |
| Philippines | 100.7 | 4.7 | 53.7 | 23,727 | 224.4 | 90 sessions HD or 360 days PD per year | NA |
| Indonesia | 257.6 | 2.8 | 46.9 | NA | 65.9 | 100% HD or 100% of 3-bags per day PD or 80% of 4-bags PD | Partial |
| Vietnam | 93.4 | 7.1 | 36.8 | NA | NA | 100% of either PD or HD | 50% |
| Myanmar | 53.9 | 2.3 | 50.7 | NA | NA | None | None |
aDenotes total health expenditure, which is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.
bDenotes out of pocket expenditure, which is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure.
PD, peritoneal dialysis; HD, hemodialysis; NA, no available data.