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. 2017 Jun 22;7:4102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04173-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of muscimol injection (0.5 nmol in 50 nl) into the medullary raphé on autonomic response elicited by bilateral injections of bicuculline (1 nmol in 100 nl) into the LHb. (a) Chart records of simultaneously recorded brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve discharge (BAT SNA), its spectral power, BAT temperature (BAT temp), end expiratory CO₂ (ExpCO₂), body temperature (Body temp), arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR). (b and c) Group data (mean ± SEM) for mean effects of vehicle/drug on BAT SNA power and BAT temperature. (d) Chart record of tail artery Doppler flow signal. (e) Group data (mean ± SEM) for mean effects of vehicle/drug on tail artery Doppler flow. In a and d, sequential experimental manipulations of LHb and medullary raphé function are indicated by the vertical arrows. ‘ns’ not significantly different from the preceding injection level (pre-injection or bicuculline into LHb), P > 0.05; *significant different from the pre-injection value, P < 0.001; ^#significant different from the post-bicuculline value, P < 0.001.