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. 2017 Jun 23;11:323. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00323

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Copyright © 2017 Bosco, Piserchia and Fattori.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental setup. (A) Lateral view of the target arrangement with respect to participant’s body. (B) Top view of the target arrangement in the peripersonal space. The participants performed reaching movements with their right hand towards one of the nine LEDs targets located at different depths (far, intermediate and near) and in different directions (left, center and right), gray dots. Reaching movements were performed in a dimly lighted room from the initial hand position located next to the body and marked by a squared perimeter, as indicated in the bottom. (C) Top view of the three task configurations. Top panel, Constant gaze configuration: reaching movements were performed towards one of the nine targets (hands). The spatial position of the target changed trial to trial, but gaze was kept constant at the central position. Central panel, Constant reach configuration: reaching movements were performed always toward the target located in the central position. During the execution of the task, participant had to fixate one of the nine different positions (eyes). Bottom panel, Foveal reach configuration: reaching movements were performed toward one of the nine targets. During the task, the participant had to fixate and reach the same target (eye and hand on the panel). The Constant gaze and the Constant reach configurations shared the same eye/target relative position (eye-centered representation); the Constant gaze and the Foveal reach shared the same spatial target position (space-centered representation). The two brackets on the left join parts of exemplary positions that share a common eye-centered coordinate system (first two panels) or a common space-centered coordinate system (first and last panels). (D) Time sequence of memory-guided reaching in the Constant gaze configuration. The small white dot represents the fixation target; the filled black dot represents the reaching target and the dashed dot represents the memorized location of the reaching target. The fixation target (a green LED) stayed on for 1.5 s and then the reaching target (a red LED) was turned on for 0.5 s in one of the nine locations. After 1.5 s from target offset, a sound indicated to the participant to reach with his/her right hand the memorized position of the target while maintaining fixation on the fixation target. The fixation target lasted until the participant completed the movement.