Table 2.
List of adipocyte and adipose tissue lineage markers analysed in SGBS adipocytes compared to PHWSC adipocytes.
| Gene Name | Lineage | Fold Change (SGBS vs PHWSC) | FDR | Function of gene/encoded protein | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EDNRB | BAT | −5.14 | 0.005 | UCP1 regulator. | Xue and Tseng et al. 2015 |
| EBF2 | BAT | −4.68 | 0.000 | Recruits PPARϒ to brown fat-selective gene targets, including PRDM16. | Rajakumari, Wu et al. 2013 |
| PDK4 | BAT | 4.57 | 0.030 | Stimulated by PPARα and PPARδ. Inhibits PDH/TCA cycle, decreasing glucose utilization and promoting fat metabolism. | Mottillo et al. 2012 |
| PREX1 | BAT | 5.74 | 0.000 | UCP1 regulator. | Xue and Tseng et al. 2015 |
| MYF5 | BAT | NA | NA | Myogenic regulatory factor expressed in skeletal muscle and brown adipocyte precursors. | Seale, Bjork et al. 2008 |
| ZIC1 | BAT | NA | NA | Expressed in anterior somites in embryonic development and in anterior adipose tissues. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| BMP7 | BAT | NA | NA | Promotes browning; induces PRDM16, PGC1α, UCP-1, PPARϒ, C/EBPs. | Tseng et al., 2008 |
| MTUS1 | BAT and beige | −61.91 | 0.000 | A mitochondria-localized protein. Required for beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function. | Shinoda, Luijten et al. 2015 |
| PGC1α | BAT and beige | −20.66 | 0.000 | Promotes browning. Stimulates expression of FNDC5/Irisin. | Bostrom, Wu et al. 2012 |
| HSPB7 | BAT and beige | −5.22 | 0.002 | Marker gene. Function in adipose tissue is unclear. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| EBF3 | BAT and beige | −2.18 | 0.015 | Transcription factor. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| PRDM16 | BAT and beige | −1.74 | 0.449 | Encodes a Zinc-finger protein. Induces browning via PGC1α, UCP-1 and other key regulatory genes. | Seale et al. 2007 |
| KCNK3 | BAT and beige | −1.40 | 0.819 | A potassium channel. Required for beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function. | Shinoda, Luijten et al. 2015 |
| SIRT1 | BAT and beige | 1.90 | 0.024 | Deacetylates PPARϒ to facilitate docking of PRDM16. Promotes browning. | Qiang, Wang et al. 2012 |
| UCP1 | BAT and beige | 8.84 | 0.037 | Uncouples respiration to dissipate chemical energy as heat. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| PLIN5 | BAT and beige | 9.50 | 0.010 | Expressed in highly oxidative tissues like heart and BAT. Possible regulation of ATGL-mediated lipolysis. Suggested protective role against excessive production of reactive oxygen species by controlling FA mitochondrial oxidation and their incorporation to LDs. | Barneda, Frontini et al. 2013 |
| LHX8 | BAT and beige | NA | NA | Transcription factor. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| FGF21 | BAT and beige | NA | NA | Stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via induction of GLUT1 expression. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| CIDEA | BAT and beige | NA | NA | Promotes LD enlargement by LD–LD lipid transference. Cide (A, B or C) deficient mice are resistant to obesity. | Barneda, Frontini et al. 2013 |
| PAT2 | BAT and beige | NA | NA | An amino acid transmembrane transporter. | Ussar, Lee et al. 2014 |
| P2RX5 | BAT and beige | NA | NA | A purinergic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. | Ussar, Lee et al. 2014 |
| B3AR/ADRB3R | BAT and beige | NA | NA | Receptor which mediates catecholamine-induced browning. | Lidell et al. 2013 |
| CD40 | Beige | −6.62 | 0.002 | Important in immune and inflammatory response pathways. Member of TNF-receptor superfamily. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| EPSTI1 | Beige | −4.18 | 0.011 | Marker gene. Function in adipose tissue is unclear. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| SP100 | Beige | −2.44 | 0.007 | Binds heterochromatin proteins; involved in gene regulation. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| EAR2/NR2F6 | Beige | 1.85 | 0.000 | Transcription factor. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| SHOX2 | Beige | 2.03 | 0.063 | Member of homeobox family. | Lidell 2013 |
| SLC27A1 | Beige | 4.48 | 0.000 | Component of lipid metabolism pathways. | Wu, Bostrom et al. 2012 |
| TBX1 | Beige | NA | NA | A developmental transcription factor | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| TNFRSF9/CD137 | Beige | NA | NA | Member of TNF-receptor superfamily. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| TMEM26 | Beige | NA | NA | Marker gene. Function in adipose tissue is unclear. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| PDGFRα | WAT and Beige | −8.03 | 0.000 | A growth factor receptor expressed by bipotent preadipocytes. | Yun-Hee Lee 2012 |
| HOXC9 | WAT and Beige | −1.68 | 0.205 | Developmental transcription factor with posteriorly restricted expression. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| HOXC8 | WAT and Beige | −1.27 | 0.599 | Developmental transcription factor with posteriorly restricted expression. A negative regulator of the adipocyte browning process. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| RBL1 | WAT | −2.29 | 0.050 | Represses PGC1α transcription, preventing browning. | Scime, Grenier et al. 2005 |
| Leptin | WAT | −0.71 | 0.530 | A secreted protein involved with regulation of body weight. | Ussar, Lee et al. 2014 |
| NRIP1/RIP140 | WAT | 1.09 | 0.827 | Binds and inhibits PGC1α. | Hallberg, Morganstein et al. 2008 |
| RB1 | WAT | 1.34 | 0.380 | Represses PGC1α transcription, preventing browning. | Hansen, Jorgensen et al. 2004 |
| TCF21 | WAT | 2.94 | 0.026 | Developmental transcription factor with posteriorly restricted expression. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
| LPL | WAT | 13.47 | 0.001 | Involved in the metabolism of fat. | Dani, Amri et al. 1990 |
| NR1H3/LXRA | WAT | 16.32 | 0.000 | Blocks UCP1 expression by recruiting Rip140 and displacing PGC1α at an LXR binding site. | Wang, Zhang et al. 2008 |
| ASC-1/slc7a10 | WAT | 17.47 | 0.000 | A cell surface amino acid transporter. | Ussar, Lee et al. 2014 |
| ADIPONECTIN | Ubiquitous in AT | 12.44 | 0.003 | Hormone that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and modulates insulin sensitivity. | Zhang, Matheny et al. 2002 |
| CITED1 | Ubiquitous in AT | 48.18 | 0.000 | Involved with CBP/SMAD signaling. | De Jong and Larsson et al. 2015 |
Genes were pooled from published literature and their expression was analysed in the RNA sequencing data.