Table 1.
Biocontrol agent reported to form biofilms and the described associated biocontrol mechanisms
| Biocontrol strain | Host/Location | Biofilm induction | Biocontrol mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus atrophaeus 176s | Lettuce, sugar beet, tomato | Surfactin triggers biofilm formation |
Induced systemic resistance (ISR) antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (fengycin, surfactin) |
(Aleti et al., 2016) |
| Bacillus subtilis | Wheat seeds | Root exudates, death or lysis of cortex cells | Biofilm formation, antimicrobial, volatile compounds decrease mycelial growth | (Khezri et al., 2011) |
| Bacillus subtilis 3610 | Tomato roots | Root exudates induce matrix | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (surfactin) | (Chen et al., 2013) |
| Bacillus subtilis 6051 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Surfactin triggers biofilm formation | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (surfactin) | (Bais et al., 2004) |
| Bacillus subtilis Bs916 | Rice stem | Stem lesions induce GltB production triggering bacillomycin L and, surfactin production involved in biofilm formation | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (fengycin) | (Zhou et al., 2016) |
| Bacillus subtilis UMAF6614 | Melon phylloplane | Surfactin triggers biofilm formation | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (bacillomycin, fengycin) | (Zeriouh et al., 2014) |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 | Cucumber roots | Root exudates induce chemotaxis and enhance bacillomycin D production | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (bacillomycin) | (Xu et al., 2014) |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 | Maize roots | Root exudates induce the expression of genes related to extracellular matrix production | Promote plant growth | (Zhang et al., 2015) |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQY 162 | Tobacco roots | Pectin enhances surfactin production, increasing biofilm biomass | May trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (surfactin) | (Wu et al., 2015) |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 | Maize roots | Root exudates and surfactin trigger biofilm formation | Likely not linked with the production of antibiotic or biofilm formation | (Fan et al., 2011) |
| Paenibacillus polymyxa | Arabidopsis thaliana | Root exudates induce matrix synthesis | Niche exclusion and mechanical protection | (Timmusk et al., 2005) |
| Paenibacillus polymyxa A26 | Wheat seeds | Not mentioned | Niche exclusion of pathogens | (Abd El Daim et al., 2015) |
| Paenibacillus polymyxa B5 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Root exudates | Niche exclusion of pathogens | (Haggag and Timmusk, 2008) |
| Pseudomonas corrugata CCR04 and CCR80 | Pepper roots | Root exudates | Competitive colonization, such as swimming and swarming activities, biofilm formation, antimicrobial activity | (Sang and Kim, 2014) |
| Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 | Canola roots | Phenazine enhances biofilm formation | Antimicrobial‐producing biofilm (pyrrolnitrin) | (Selin et al., 2010) |
| Pseudomonas putida 06909 | Citrus roots | Phytophthora exudates as attractants and growth substrates for bacteria | Biofilm formation and mycelial colonization of the pathogen Phytophtora | (Steddom et al., 2002; Ahn et al., 2007) |
| Pseudomonas putida KT2440 | Corn roots Arabidopsis thaliana | Root exudates | Promote plant growth and induced systemic resistance (ISR) | (Espinosa‐Urgel et al., 2002; Matilla et al., 2010) |
| Pichia kudriavzevii | Pear fruit | Oxidative stress | Greater activation of the antioxidant system in the biofilm form | (Chi et al., 2015) |
| Kloeckera apiculate | Citrus fruit | Phenylethanol promotes filamentous adhesion and biofilm formation | Niche exclusion and mechanical protection | (Pu et al., 2014) |