Table 1.

History and insurance coverage of Chuna.

Era	Years	History	Insurance coverage or historical characteristic	Remark
Traditional Chuna era	In 1445, during the Joseon dynasty	Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chui addressed Tao Yin *, Anma †	No Anma or Chuna-related specialty publication existed. Regarding Chuna-related subjects, the term Tao Yin appeared in a health preservation-related book.	Chuna was passed down by individuals or specific practitioner groups.	The terms Anma and Angyo ‡ were coused before the Ming dynasty. The terms Chuna and Anma were coused during the Ming dynasty. Since the Qing dynasty, the term Chuna has been used to describe the integrated practice of these and other related terms.
	Approximately 1550	Hwal-In-Sim-Bang described Tao Yin
	In 1610	Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam addressed Tao Yin, Anma, Angyo The evolution of manipulation therapy was hampered by a conservative social atmosphere.
	During Japanese colonial era (1910–1945)	Chuna was regarded as a set of folk remedies rather than a manipulation therapy.	Anma was taught to the blind as a form of vocational education
Suppressed Chuna era	From 1945 to the 1980s	The evolution of Chuna training courses was hampered.	Anma was permitted only for blind practitioners.
Modern Chuna era	1991	The Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves was established.	Chuna practices that were traditionally passed down by individuals or groups were formally integrated.	Chuna continues to develop by integrating aspects of Chinese Tuina, American chiropractic and osteopathy, and Japanese-style manual manipulation.
	1992	The Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves was officially approved as a subsociety of Korean Medicine.
	1994	The Ministry of Health and Society viewed Chuna favorably	Official definition of Chuna by the Ministry of Health and Society was provided in 1994
	1995	Chuna was accepted as part of the curriculum of the Korean Medicine college of Kyung Hee University.	- -
	1996	The first training course of Chuna was launched.
	2000	The journal of the Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves was published for the first time.	-
	2002–2011	Chuna was accepted as part of the curricula in most Korean medical colleges except the Dongguk Korean Medical College. Chuna educational textbooks were published for the first time in 2002, then in 2006 and 2011.	Chuna was approved as a nonpayment item by National Health Insurance in 2002
			Chuna was approved for covered by automobile insurance carriers in 2005.
			Chuna was included as a subdirectory of KM physical therapy, and again approved as a nonpayment item by National Health Insurance in 2011.
	2013	The first Chuna training course extended to the 19th.	-

* Tao Yin is a series of exercises practiced by Taoists to cultivate chi, the internal energy of the body according to the TKM theory.

^† Anma is thought to be of Chinese origin, developing from Tuina. Henceforward, Anma was introduced into Korea and Japan from China. Anma practitioners use common massage techniques such as kneading, rubbing, tapping, and shaking. These methods are directed to specific vital points and meridians on the body.

^‡ Angyo is another name of Anma in Korea.

KM, Korean medicine.