Fig. 2.

Mangiferin induces ROS generation and [Ca²⁺]_i levels in RD cells. (A) Time course—ROS generation: Mangiferin caused an early rise in ROS generation (1 hour) when compared with the control cells. (B) Dose-dependent ROS generation: A dose-dependent increase in ROS accumulation was observed at 24 hours. Results were expressed as % ROS generation. (C) [Ca²⁺]_i levels: A dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium was observed during mangiferin treatment. Results were expressed as % relative Fura 2-AM fluorescence. Results shown are mean ± SD (n = 6).

Significant differences were indicated as follows:

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.01.

*** p < 0.001.

[Ca²⁺]_i, intracellular calcium levels; DCF, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein; Group I, control group; Group II, 50 μM mangiferin group; Group III, 70 μM mangiferin group; Group IV, 90 μM mangiferin group; NS, nonsignificant; RD, rhabdomyosarcoma; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SD, standard deviation.