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Torque Z force amplitude. We defined this as force amplitude (force amplitude = max Tz – min Tz). The means are significantly (p < 0.05) different between the different needle rotation angles. The box plots indicate the median (central horizontal line), interquartile range (box limits), range (whiskers, up to 1.5 times the upper and lower quartiles), and outliers (scattered dots, more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the median).
