Table 3. . Characteristics of microfluidic vasculature generation technologies.

Microfluidic vasculature generation technology	Cross-section	Geometry	Note	Advantages	Ref.
Photolithographic moulding	Planar	>30 μm	Most developed and standardized technology	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[42]
Injection moulding	Quasi-cylindrical	>20 μm	Template molded in sacrificial material	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[35]
Direct-write assembly	Cylindrical	200–800 μm	Template direct-printed from sacrificial material	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[138]
Viscous finger patterning	Cylindrical	100–700 μm	Less controllable vessel geometry	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[140]
Removable rods	Cylindrical	150 μm	Stiff hydrogel to withstand rod removal	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[141]
Laser micromachining	Cylindrical	8 μm	Precise control over small geometry	Fluid Chemical gradient Coculture	[142]

Microfluidic vasculature mimics the geometry of vascular networks and allows for simulated body fluids, gradient and cell coculture. Various techniques have been reported to pattern microfluidic networks for vasculature generation.