Figure 6. . Detection of E. coli in the full assay (bacteria preconcentration, lysis, DNA purification and PCR) on the chip.

(A) On-chip real-time optical detection. (B) Off-chip analysis of PCR products in gel electrophoresis.

*Expected position of specific PCR product (152 bp).

F1–F3: Sample replicates; NC: Negative control (no template); PC: Positive PCR control in thermocycler (5 ng E. coli DNA).