Table 1.

Clinical characteristics, treatment strategies and outcomes of the five cases of prosthetic joint infection caused by Granulicatella adiacens

Number of cases	Age (years)	Sex	Location of Infection	Time delay between arthroplasty implantation and infection onset	Dental care before infection onset	Microbiologic diagnostics of G. adiacens	Associated microorganisms	Surgery treatment options	Antibiotics	Outcomes
Our 1st case	75	Male	Hip arthroplasty	4 years	Yes	Microbial culture of surgical biopsies was negative.	Parvimonas micra	Two-stage prosthesis exchange	Amoxicillin and clindamycin	Cured
						16S rRNA gene sequencing on synovial fluid was positive.
Our 2nd case	65	Male	Knee arthroplasty	2 years	No	Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry on bacterial colonies.	Staphylococcus capitis	One-stage prosthesis exchange	Rifampicin and clindamycin	Cured
Our 3rd case	44	Female	Hip arthroplasty	10 years	No	Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry on bacterial colonies	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention of the prosthesis (DAIR)	Imipenem-cisplatin then ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin	Cured
						16S rRNA gene sequencing on synovial fluid was positive.
Riede et al., 2004 [12]	43	Male	Knee arthroplasty	3 years	No	Microbial culture of surgical biopsies was positive but the microorganism could not be identified reliably by phenotypic methods	No	Two-stage prosthesis exchange	Amoxicillin, amikacin and rifampicin	Cured
						16S rRNA gene sequencing on bacterial colonies
Mougari et al., 2013 [13]	55	Male	Knee arthroplasty	10 years	Yes	Microbial culture of surgical biopsies was negative.	No	Two-stage prosthesis exchange	Amoxicillin and rifampicin	Cured
						16S rRNA gene sequencing on synovial fluid was positive.