Table 1.
Baseline clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | Men (N = 1116) | Women (N = 1810) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.67 ± 13.0 | 54.88 ± 12.71 | 0.0133 | |
| PEA | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.006 | |
| Annual household income | ||||
| <$20,000- | 19.14% | 32.03% | <.0001 | |
| $20,000–50,000 | 34.16% | 39.48% | ||
| >$50,000 | 46.71% | 28.50% | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former/never smoker | 82.04% | 89.04% | <.0001 | |
| Current smoker | 18% | 10.96% | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Former/never drinker | 40.63% | 59.28% | <.0001 | |
| Current drinker | 59.37% | 40.72% | ||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 11.78 ± 11.17 | 38.54 ± 24.87 | <.0001 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 4.07 ± 3.39 | 6.03 ± 4.48 | <.0001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.03 ± 6.34 | 32.28 ± 7.80 | <.0001 | |
| Normal-weight (BMI < 25) | 17.38% | 11.05% | <.0001 | |
| Overweight/Obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 82.62% | 88.95% | ||
| Sleep duration (hours) | 6.31 ± 1.47 | 6.48 ± 1.49 | 0.0021 | |
| Sleep duration categories | ||||
| Short (≤6 h) | 23.98% | 26.52% | 0.09 | |
| Medium (6-8 h) | 70.17% | 69.09% | ||
| Long (>8 h) | 5.86% | 4.39% | ||
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Poor | 11.05% | 9.14% | 0.10 | |
| Fair | 25.41% | 22.94% | ||
| Good | 31.82% | 34.14% | ||
| Very good | 23.15% | 23.48% | ||
| Excellent | 8.56% | 10.30% | ||
Data presented as mean ± SD or as percentages. P-values are calculated based on one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and X2 test for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; PEA; proportion of global European ancestry.