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. 2017 Jun 13;40(7):911–919. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2453

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© 2017 by the American Diabetes Association.

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K-means cluster plot of metabolite levels in the four ancestry groups. Metabolites are clustered by patterns of variations in levels across ancestry groups, and lines representing different classes of metabolites are indicated in the figure. Fasting (A) and 1-h (B) metabolites present in the different clusters are as follows. A: Cluster 1—amino acids: alanine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, and valine; acylcarnitines: C2, C4-DC/Ci4-DC, C4-OH, C4/Ci4, C5, C5-DC, C8, C8-OH/C6-DC, C10, C10-OH/C8-DC, C12, C12-OH/C10-DC, C14, C14:1, C16, C16-OH/C14-DC, C16:1, C16:1-OH/C14-DC, C18:1-DC, C18:1-OH/C16:1-DC, and C20-OH/C18-DC; lipids: 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, NEFA, and triglycerides. Cluster 2—amino acids: asparagine/aspartate, glutamine/glutamate, glycine, and phenylalanine; acylcarnitines: C18 and C18:1; glycolysis (GC)/tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA): lactate. Cluster 3—acylcarnitines: C8:1, C8:1-DC, C10:1, C10:2, C10:3, C12:1, C14:2, C18:2, C20, and C20:4. B: Cluster 1—amino acids: alanine, asparagine/aspartate, glycine, ornithine, and phenylalanine; GC/TCA: lactate. Cluster 2—acylcarnitines: C8:1, C8:1-DC, C10:1, C10:2, C10:3, C12:1, and C18:2. Cluster 3—amino acids: arginine, citrulline, glutamine/glutamate, leucine/isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, and valine; acylcarnitines: C2, C4-OH, C4/Ci4, C5, C5-OH/C3-DC, C8, C10-OH/C8-DC, C12, C12-OH/C10-DC, C14, C14:1, C14:2, C16-OH/C14-DC, C16:1, C16:1-OH/C14-DC, C18:1-DC, C18:1-OH/C16:1-DC, C20-OH/C18-DC, C20, C20:4, and C22; lipids: 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, NEFA, and triglycerides. AC, Afro-Caribbean; EU, European ancestry; MA, Mexican American; TH, Thai.