Table 1.

Vpr-interacting proteins and their potential functional relevance in HIV-1 viral life cycle.

Vpr-binding protein	Protein function	Reference
Modulation of Fidelity of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription
UNG2	Uracil DNA glycosylase	(Bouhamdan et al., 1996)
SMUG	SMUG uracil-DNA glycosylase	(Schrofelbauer et al., 2005)
Lys-tRNA synthetase	Lys tRNA synthetase	(Stark and Hay, 1998)
Nuclear Transport of Preintegration Complex
Importin-α	Karyopherin	(Kamata et al., 2005; Popov et al., 1998b; Vodicka et al., 1998)
NUP153/Nup124	Nuclear pore proteins	(Fouchier et al., 1998; Varadarajan et al., 2005)
hCG1	Nucleoporin	(Le Rouzic et al., 2002)
HSPs (HSP27, HSP70)/Hsp16	Heat shock proteins; chaperone protein	(Benko et al., 2004; Iordanskiy et al., 2004a; Iordanskiy et al., 2004b; Liang et al., 2007)
Activation of HIV-1 LTR-mediated Transcription
SP1	Transcription factor	(Wang et al., 1995)
p300/CBP	Nuclear receptor and transcriptional co-activator; CBP, CREB binding protein	(Felzien et al., 1998; Kino et al., 2002)
NFĸB	Transcriptional factor nuclear factor kappa B	(Roux et al., 2000)
TFII B	Transcription factor	(Agostini et al., 1996)
GR	Glucocorticoid receptor	(Refaeli et al., 1995)
C/EBP	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein	(Hogan et al., 2003)
Induction of Cell Cycle G2 Arrest
CDC25C	Protein phosphatase	(Goh et al., 2004)
WEE1	Protein kinase	(Kamata et al., 2008)
14-3-3	Adaptor protein	(Kino et al., 2005)
PP2A	Protein phosphatase 2A	(Godet et al.)
VprBP	Receptor of E3 ligase	(Zhang et al., 2001)
HHR23A/Rhp23	Excision DNA repair protein	(Gragerov et al., 1998; Li et al., 2010a; Withers-Ward et al., 1997)
Induction of Apoptosis
ANT	Adenine nucleotide translocator	(Jacotot et al., 2001a)
PTPC	Permeability transition pore complex	(Jacotot et al., 2000)
HAX-1	Antiapoptotic mitochondrial protein	(Yedavalli et al., 2005)