Fig. 6.
Three axis intensity modulated fiber optic force sensor. a) reflective fiber optic sensor from University of Maryland for breast biopsy [41] ©2011 IEEE; b) reflective fiber optic sensor for cardiac interventions from Imperial College [16] ©2011 IEEE; c) reflective fiber optic sensor for prostate biopsy by Su et al. from Worcester Polytechnic Institute [38] ©2009 IEEE; d) reflective fiber optic sensor for minimally invasive surgical palpation from Imperial College [39] ©2012 IEEE.