Table 3.

Midge-borne viruses

							Animal models
Disease	Family	Vector	No. infected annually	Mortality rate	Treatment	Vaccine	Immuno-competent	Immuno- compromised	Humanized or zooized	Notes	References
Akabane virus	Bunyaviridae	Culicoides spp.	>500 (cattle)	Unknown	None	Available	Mice (infant), cattle	None	None	Infects ruminants only; usually nonfatal but results in abortion	27, 37
African horse sickness virus	Reoviridae	Culicoides spp.	Unknown	90%	None	Available, provides partial protection	Ponies	Mice (INFAR−/−)	None	Infects horses only; research ponies have not been used specifically for this disease but can be adapted from studies of equine infectious anemia	9
Bluetongue virus	Reoviridae	Culicoides spp.	Unknown	Variable by breed	None	Available	Sheep	Mice (INFAR−/−)	None	Infects ruminants only	20, 28, 45