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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 23.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2016 Aug 11;353(6300):691–694. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf7560

Fig. 1. Two-photon optogenetic photostimulation reliably activates specific neuronal populations.

Fig. 1

(A), Simultaneous two-photon imaging and two-photon optogenetic photostimulation was performed in layer 2/3 over left primary visual cortex (V1) in awake head fixed mice through a reinforced thinned skull window. (B) Automatic contour detection of cortical neurons. Red cells denote neurons that reliably respond to optogenetic population photostimulation. Scale bar 50 μm. (C) Calcium transients of neurons activated by population photostimulation (red) and neurons activated indirectly (black). (D) Calcium transients from directly photostimulated neurons differed from calcium transients evoked indirectly by circuit activation. (E) Indirectly activated neurons represent a small percentage of the population (n = 6 mice; ***P = 0.0006; Mann-Whitney test). Data presented as whisker box plots displaying median and interquartile ranges.