Table 1. characteristic of cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies for the impact of obesity and metabolic abnormality on the prevalence and development of chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60ml/min per 1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria).
| Study, Year (reference) | Study type | Country | Study Name | Population | Participants No | Men, (%) | Mean Age ± SD or range (years) | Follow up (years) | Metabolic abnormality criteria | Measurement of obesity | Outcome | Definition of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al., 2014 (26) | Cross-sectional study | China | - | Residents in the cities of Zhuhai and Guangzhou | 2324 | 32.5% | 52 ± 15 years | - | Insulin resistance NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Prevalence of CKD | CKD defined as eGFR < 60ml/min per 1.73m2 (MDRD) and/or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR)≥30 mg/g |
| Wang et al., 2014 (24) | Cross-sectional study | China | REACTION Study | Participants without CKD in Shandong Province | 8586 | 31.5% | ≥40 years old | - | Other | BMI; waist circumference | Mild reduced eGFR | eGFR between 30-59 ml/min/1.73 m2 |
| Sesti et al., 2010 (27) | Cross-sectional study | Italy | CATAMERIS Study | Caucasians without kidney failure | 440 | 41.8% | Aged 25-79 years old | - | Insulin resistance | BMI | Lower kidney function | eGFR between 30-59 ml/min/1.73 m2 |
| Song et al., 2015 (34) | Cross-sectional/ prospective cohort study | Korea | Healthy Twin Study | Monozygotic and dizygotic twin individuals, and non-twin family members | 3437/ 1881 | 40.8%/ 37.4% | 43.9 ± 13.7; 44.1 ± 12.6 years | 3.7±1.4 years | Modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | CKD | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2(MDRD) |
| Mottaghi et al., 2015 (28) | Prospective cohort study | Iran | TLGS | Participants without CKD | 5672 | 45.2% | 40.4 ± 0.2 years | 8.1 years | Modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Incident CKD | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2(MDRD) |
| Panwar et al., 2015 (25) | Prospective cohort study | United states | REGARDS | Participants without CKD | 21840 | 45.2% | 66.2 ± 10.2 years | 6.3 years | Modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | ESRD | eGFR<15/1.73 m2(CKD-EPI equation) |
| Junk et al., 2015 (29) | Prospective cohort study | korea | - | Participants without CKD | 41194 | 60.5% | 47.9(range, 20-87 years) | 38.7 (range, 4.8-83.8 months) | Modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Incident CKD | eGFR < /1.73 m2(CKD-EPI equation) |
| Nishikawa et al., 2014 (30) | Follow up study | Japan | - | Participants without CKD | 23894 | 85.9% | 46.9 ± 10.2 years | 7.8 years | NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Incident CKD | eGFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria was regarded as positive for dipstick urinary protein scores of ≥ 1+ |
| Hashimoto et al., 2015 (31) | Follow up cohort study | Japan | Oike Health Survey | Participants without CKD | 3136 | 58.5% | 46.6 ± 9.2 years | 8 years | IDF criteria | BMI | Incident CKD | GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria, results for eGFR and proteinuria reported separately |
| Cao et al., 2015 (32) | Cohort study | China | - | Participants without CKD | 6852 | 54.1% | 47 (32-60) years | Average 54.3 months | Modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Incident CKD | eGFR <60ml/min /1.73 m2 or proteinuria |
| Chang et al., 2016 (33) | Cohort study | Korea | The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study | Metabolically healthy Participants without CKD | 62249 | 50.5% | 36.1 ± 6.6 years | 369088 person-years | Insulin resistance modified NCEP ATPIII | BMI | Incident CKD | eGFR <60ml/min /1.73 m2(MDRD) |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end stage renal disease; BMI: body mass index; NCEP-ATP III, National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; MDRD, Modified Diet in Renal Disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.