Table 9.

MANOVAs for female wing shape fluctuating asymmetry A multivariate equivalent of FA1 (i.e., the "unsigned" left-right differences) was defined as explained in the text. Flies raised from outbred crosses of Drosophila subobscura (⊂ means 'nested in').

	18°C				23°C
Source of variation	Wilks' lambda	df 1	df 2	P	Wilks' lambda	df 1	df 2	P
Karyotypes (K)	0.008	110	48	0.908	0.007	110	48	0.856
Cross ⊂ K	0.022	660	2932	0.169	0.029	660	2932	0.604