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. 2017 Jun 23;7:4184. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04452-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model of the Ca²⁺ and ATP-dependent activation loop for hypotonic-induced currents in microglial cells. Osmotic stress causes cell swelling and a consequent membrane stretch (1), inducing a swell-dependent chloride current (2A) and ATP release through pannexin hemichannels (2B). ATP amplifies the current activation by binding to P2Y purinergic receptors (P2YR), possibly through Ca²⁺-dependent mechanisms. I _Swell: swell-activated anionic channels; PanX pannexin1 hemichannels.