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. 2017 Jun 24;8:147. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0607-1

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Immunomodulatory properties of craniofacial MSCs. Craniofacial MSCs target several subsets of innate and adaptive immune cells, including helper T-lymphocytes (Ths), CD8⁺ T cells, dentritic cells (DCs), macrophages, mast cells, and regulatory T-lymphocytes (Treg). These effects may be mediated by soluble factors secreted by MSCs, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β), nitric oxide (NO), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), or in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner, inducing T-cell apoptosis through the Fas/FasL pathway. GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, IFN interferon, IL interleukin