Table 2. Comparisons of foraging variables between second-year (SY) and after-second-year (ASY) Bahama Oriole (Icterus northropi) adults, with chi-square and t-test results.

Anthropogenic habitat was defined as human-modified areas with buildings nearby, such as residential or agricultural areas. Non-anthropogenic areas included coppice (broad-leaf dry forest) and pine forest.

Foraging variable	SY	ASY	Test statistic (df)	P	Effect sizea
Habitat
Anthropogenic	N = 7	N = 12	${\chi }_1^2=9.10$	0.003	Φ = 0.58
Not anthropogenic	N = 8	N = 0
Height ($\overline{X}\pm \mathrm{SE}$)	5.2 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.9	t25 = 0.32	0.75	d = 0.19
Horizontal location
Inner	N = 3	N = 5
Middle	N = 9	N = 3	${\chi }_2^2=4.04$	0.13	V = 0.40
Outer	N = 2	N = 4
Substrate
Air	N = 1	N = 0	${\chi }_3^2=5.48$	0.14	V = 0.45
Berries	N = 0	N = 2
Flowers	N = 3	N = 5
Leaves, twigs or bark	N = 11	N = 5
Behavior
Air-gleaning	N = 1	N = 0	${\chi }_2^2=1.73$	0.42	V = 0.25
Hang-gleaning	N = 1	N = 0
Perch-gleaning	N = 13	N = 12
Food item
Berries	N = 1	N = 2	${\chi }_1^2=0.68$	0.41	Φ = 0.16
Insects	N = 14	N = 10

Notes.

^aEffect sizes: Phi (Φ), Cohen’s d, and Cramer’s V; see ‘Methods’.