. 2017 Jun 22;5:e3469. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3469

Table 3. Effect of concentration of the extracts on percentage viability of human tonsil epithelial cells.

Test materials	Cell viability (%)
	0.5 µg/mL		1 µg/mL		5 µg/mL
	AE	EE	AE	EE	AE	EE
Licorice R	96.4 ± 0.9^a	99.1 ± 0.9^a	97.1 ± 0.5^a	98.0 ± 0.9^a	80.7 ± 1.0^c	98.4 ± 0.9^a
Sage L	98.7 ± 0.6^a	99.8 ± 0.2^a	98.7 ± 0.5^a	96.2 ± 3.4^a	89.4 ± 2.9^b	86.2 ± 0.6^c
Echinacea S	97.8 ± 0.6^a	82.8 ± 2.1^c	98.0 ± 0.5^a	95.8 ± 2.1^a	84.2 ± 2.0^c	83.0 ± 1.2^c
Echinacea F	98.2 ± 0.3^a	97.1 ± 1.2^a	98.1 ± 0.0^a	96.1 ± 1.7^a	99.1 ± 1.8^a	97.1 ± 0.6^a
Oregano FS	99.3 ± 1.1^a	96.9 ± 1.1^a	97.1 ± 0.0^a	96.9 ± 0.6^a	97.4 ± 0.6^a	86.9 ± 0.6.^c
Thyme FS	99.1 ± 0.6^a	95.6 ± 1.8^ab	96.1 ± 0.6^a	96.6 ± 1.8^ab	98.9 ± 0.5^a	95.6 ± 1.2^a
Barberry R	98.1 ± 0.6^a	97.5 ± 0.4^a	97.0 ± 0.7^a	95.5 ± 0.2^ab	96.0 ± 0.3^a	97.5 ± 0.6^a
Slippery elm IB	99.0 ± 0.8^a	93.4 ± 0.6^b	97.0 ± 0.6^a	89.7 ± 0.6^b	97.6 ± 1.1^a	82.7 ± 0.6^c
Clove FB	98.4 ± 0.0^a	97.5 ± 1.1^a	98.9 ± 0.2^a	96.5 ± 1.1^ab	98.3 ± 0.6^a	97.5 ± 0.7^a
Ginger Rh	98.1 ± 0.0^a	98.9 ± 0.3^a	98.4 ± 0.5^a	98.9 ± 0.9^a	98.7 ± 0.3^a	98.9 ± 0.7^a
Olive L	97.0 ± 0.9^a	96.8 ± 0.9^ab	96.0 ± 0.9^a	98.8 ± 0.9^a	96.2 ± 0.6^a	98.8 ± 1.2^a
Geranium L	98.2 ± 0.7^a	85.1 ± 1.1^c	99.0 ± 0.6^a	46.1 ± 1.1^de	93.1 ± 0.6^ab	41.1 ± 0.0^e
Echinacea L	98.0 ± 0.8^a	97.3 ± 0.8^a	96.3 ± 0.9^a	97.9 ± 0.9^a	97.1 ± 0.75^a	97.9 ± 0.3^a
Danshen R	ND	95.9 ± 0.6^ab	ND	98.9 ± 0.6^a	ND	98.9 ± 0.6^a
Nimesulide	98.0 ± 0.9^a	97.4 ± 0.5^a	98.1 ± 0.8^a	95.8 ± 1.0^ab	96.0 ± 0.6^a	95.8 ± 1.0^ab

Notes.

Cells were treated with various concentrations of the test materials for 24 h. Cell viability (%) was calculated relative to the control of 0.05% DMSO. Values of the same column are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

^a–g

The value with different letters indicates the significant difference determined by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).

ND: not determined
F: flowers
FB: flower bud
FS: flowering shoots
IB: inner bark
L: leaves
Rh: rhizome
R: roots
S: stem