Table 1.
Comparison of patient characteristics at specialized and unspecialized hospitals
| Characteristic | Total (n=163,838) | Specialized (n=70,273) | Unspecialized (n=93,565) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (SE) | 5.2 (0.05) | 4.8 (0.05) | 5.5 (0.06) | <0.0001a |
| Gender | <0.01b | |||
| Female | 89,693 (55.0%) | 39,609 (56.5%) | 50,084 (53.9%) | |
| Race | 0.52b | |||
| White | 86,015 (67.3%) | 39,980 (67.5%) | 46,035 (67.3%) | |
| Black | 8,854 (6.9%) | 4,223 (7.1%) | 4,631 (6.8%) | |
| Hispanic | 21,993 (17.2%) | 9,619 (16.2%) | 12,373 (18.1%) | |
| Other | 10,856 (8.5%) | 5,451 (9.2%) | 5,404 (7.9%) | |
| Insurance | 0.08b | |||
| Public | 51,510 (31.5%) | 23,840 (34.0%) | 27,671 (29.6%) | |
| Private | 101,289 (62.0%) | 41,772 (59.6%) | 59,517 (63.7%) | |
| Others | 10,642 (6.5%) | 4,468 (6.4%) | 6,174 (6.6%) | |
| ZIP code median income | 0.29b | |||
| Q1 | 24,936 (15.6%) | 11,358 (16.5%) | 13,578 (14.9%) | |
| Q2 | 37,911 (23.7%) | 16,733 (24.4%) | 21,178 (23.2%) | |
| Q3 | 42,565 (26.6%) | 17,751 (25.9%) | 24,814 (27.2%) | |
| Q4 | 54,458 (34.1%) | 22,807 (33.2%) | 31,651 (34.7%) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.12b | |||
| 0 | 139,609 (85.2%) | 60,232 (85.7%) | 79,377 (84.8%) | |
| 1 | 5,674 (3.5%) | 2,359 (3.4%) | 3,315 (3.5%) | |
| 2 | 14,088 (8.6%) | 5,980 (8.5%) | 8,108 (8.7%) | |
| ≥3 | 4,466 (2.7%) | 1,702 (2.4%) | 2,764 (3.0%) | |
| Hospital region | <0.01b | |||
| Northeast | 33,104 (20.2%) | 15,147 (21.6%) | 17,957 (19.2%) | |
| Midwest | 37,347 (22.8%) | 14,848 (21.1%) | 22,499 (24.0%) | |
| South | 55,706 (34.0%) | 29,848 (42.5%) | 25,858 (27.6%) | |
| West | 37,681 (23.0%) | 10,430 (14.8%) | 27,251 (29.1%) | |
| Teaching status | <0.01b | |||
| Rural | 3,598 (2.2%) | 982 (1.4%) | 2,616 (2.8%) | |
| Urban-nonteaching | 15,660 (9.6%) | 1,916 (2.7%) | 13,744 (14.7%) | |
| Urban-teaching | 144,106 (88.2%) | 67,143 (95.9%) | 76,963 (82.5%) | |
| Hospital bed size | 0.01b | |||
| Small | 27,132 (16.6%) | 7,789 (11.1%) | 19,343 (20.7%) | |
| Medium | 40,728 (24.9%) | 22,751 (32.5%) | 17,978 (19.3%) | |
| Large | 95,503 (58.5%) | 39,502 (56.4%) | 56,002 (60.0%) | |
| Probability of at least one complication | 17,042 (10.4%) | 6,307 (9.0%) | 10,734 (11.5%) | <0.01b |
| Surgery performed | ||||
| Ureteroneocystosto my | 83,641 (51.1%) | 37,625 (53.5%) | 46,016 (49.2%) | <0.01b |
| Ureteroureterostomy | 2,119 (1.3%) | 954 (1.4%) | 1,164 (1.2%) | 0.52b |
| Pyeloplasty | 38,229 (23.3%) | 15,375 (21.9%) | 22,854 (24.4%) | <0.001b |
| Nephrectomy | 28,616 (17.5%) | 11,491 (16.4%) | 17,126 (18.3%) | 0.02b |
| Partial/heminephrectomy | 6,424 (3.9%) | 2,624 (3.7%) | 3,800 (4.1%) | 0.29b |
| Appendicovesicostomy | 3,376 (2.1%) | 1,443 (2.1%) | 1,933 (2.1%) | 0.97b |
| Enterocystoplasty | 7,703 (4.7%) | 3,615 (5.1%) | 4,088 (4.4%) | 0.07b |
| Bladder neck sling | 988 (0.6%) | 505 (0.7%) | 483 (0.5%) | 0.08b |
a
Weighted ANOVA.
b
Wald chi-square.