Table 2.

Functional Outcomes for Community-Based Participants With BPD Versus Without BPD^a,^b

Outcomef	Omnibus Testc	Risk Ratiod			Estimated Category Proportionse
	$X_{df}^2$ (p-value)	Estimate	95% CI	p-Value	BPD	Non-BPD
Educational/Occupational Domain:
Educational Status (n = 1,066)
College degree and beyond		0.62	(0.16, 2.42)	0.49	39.0%	48.7%
Some college		0.91	(0.29, 2.91)	0.88	38.8%	33.5%
High school degree, including GED		1.01	(0.32, 3.16)	0.99	19.0%	15.3%
No high school degree (R)		--	--	--	3.2%	2.6%
Overall	$X_3^2=1.11$ (p = 0.78)
Occupational Status (n = 1,058)
Consistent work - paid		1.16	(0.30, 4.58)	0.83	61.4%	62.8%
Consistent work - student/carer		1.37	(0.34, 5.51)	0.66	21.7%	20.0%
Some work/study		1.24	(0.31, 4.92)	0.76	13.1%	12.8%
No work/study (R)		--	--	--	3.8%	4.4%
Overall	$X_3^2=0.25$ (p = 0.97)
Educational/Occupational Functioningg (n = 995)
High or satisfactory level		0.15	(0.03, 0.81)	0.03	76.9%	91.5%
Mild impairment		0.49	(0.08, 2.83)	0.43	21.0%	8.1%
Moderate/severe impairment (R)		--	--	--	2.1%	1.9%
Overall	$X_2^2=11.50$ (p < 0.01)
Financial Status (n = 1,049)
Fully independent		0.81	(0.18, 0.16)	0.78	82.7%	87.0%
Partially dependent		1.18	(0.18, 7.75)	0.87	15.6%	11.6%
Fully dependent - illness, disability (R)		--	--	--	1.7%	1.5%
Overall	$X_2^2=1.12$ (p = 0.57)
Interpersonal Domain:
Parental Relationship Functioningh (n = 927)
All relationships good/very good		0.21	(0.05, 0.85)	0.03	35.8%	56.3%
One good/very good, Other less than good		0.51	(0.12, 2.09)	0.35	36.4%	24.8%
One fair, Other fair or worse		0.44	(0.11, 1.75)	0.25	22.0%	17.0%
All relationships poor/very poor (R)		--	--	--	5.7%	1.9%
Overall	$X_3^2=7.37$ (p = 0.06)
Partnership Status (n = 1,066)
Cohabiting with partner		1.29	(0.53, 3.09)	0.58	45.9%	46.0%
Steady but non-cohabiting relationship		1.64	(0.61, 4.42)	0.33	33.1%	26.6%
Not in a steady relationship (R)		--	--	--	21.0%	27.4%
Overall	$X_2^2=0.97$ (p = 0.62)
Partner Relationship Functioningi (n = 772)
Very good/good relationship		0.07	(0.02, 0.27)	0.00	56.0%	79.3%
Fair relationship		0.16	(0.04, 0.65)	0.01	30.0%	19.2%
Poor/very poor relationship (R)		--	--	--	14.0%	1.4%
Overall	$X_2^2=15.42$ (p < 0.001)
Parenthood Status (n = 1,066)
Has children (biological, adopted, or step)		1.72	(0.88, 3.36)	0.12	54.5%	49.7%
No children (R)		--	--	--	45.5%	50.3%
Overall	$X_1^2=2.48$ (p = 0.12)
Number of Close Friends (n = 1,066)
Five or more friends		0.33	(0.10, 1.03)	0.06	38.6%	56.0%
Two to four friends		0.68	(0.27, 1.75)	0.43	49.7%	37.4%
Zero or one friend (R)		--	--	--	11.7%	6.6%
Overall	$X_2^2=5.13$ (p = 0.08)
Friend Relationship Functioningj (n = 1,031)
Very good/good relationship		0.05	(0.01, 0.24)	0.00	75.1%	91.3%
Fair relationship		0.13	(0.02, 0.87)	0.04	18.6%	8.3%
Poor/very poor relationship (R)		--	--	--	6.3%	0.4%
Overall	$X_2^2=23.18$ (p < 0.001)
Recreational Domain:
Recreational Participation (n = 1,066)
At least weekly participation		0.56	(0.25, 1.25)	0.16	16.1%	21.8%
Some participation, but less than weekly		0.50	(0.25, 1.01)	0.05	19.3%	28.9%
No participation (R)		--	--	--	64.5%	49.3%
Overall	$X_2^2=4.34$ (p = 0.12)
Social Isolation (n = 1,066)
Spends less than half of free time alone		0.70	(0.37, 1.34)	0.28	63.5%	71.2%
Spends half or more of free time alone (R)		--	--	--	36.5%	28.8%
Overall	$X_1^2=1.17$ (p = 0.12)

Abbreviations: BPD = borderline personality disorder;

^aResults from multinomial regression models for outcome categories as a function of BPD status and covariates (age, sex, and race/ethnicity).

^bResult are for the ‘community sample,’ which includes n = 164 community-based participants with BPD and n = 902 community-based participants without BPD. For some outcomes, analyses excluded participants missing the outcome (<2%) or for whom the outcome was not relevant (e.g., Partner Relationship Functioning for participants without romantic partners); the actual sample size for each outcome is reported in the table.

^cOmnibus Wald test for the significance of BPD status as a predictor for the overall outcome variable (all categories).

^dRisk ratio refers to [P(Category k | BPD)/P(Reference category | BPD)]/ [P(Category k | non-BPD)/P(Reference category | non-BPD)]

^eFitted values are model-based estimates of the proportions of individuals with BPD (or without BPD) falling into each outcome category, averaged over the observed values of the demographic covariates.

^f(R) is used to denote the reference category, typically the least desirable category.

^gParticipants who had not worked in the past two years were excluded from the analyses for Educational/Occupational Functioning.

^hParticipants without parents (e.g., both parents deceased) were excluded from the analyses for Parental Relationship Functioning.

ⁱParticipants without a steady partner were excluded from the analyses for Partner Relationship Functioning.

^jParticipants without close friends were excluded from the analyses for Friend Relationship Functioning.