Table 4.

Association analysis of low muscle mass by each criteria, weakness, and slowness (as categorical variables) and total muscle mass, handgrip strength, and gait speed (as continuous variables) with death

Methods	Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P
Low muscle mass by each criteria, weakness, and slowness (as categorical variables)
Low muscle mass by Height2	2.71 (1.52–4.83)	0.001	1.93 (1.00–3.72)	0.05	2.22 (1.13–4.38)	0.02	2.03 (1.00–4.10)	0.05
	C = 0.56		C = 0.64		C = 0.65		C = 0.74
Low muscle mass by BW	1.75 (1.10–2.78)	0.02	1.09 (0.62–1.91)	0.76	1.05 (0.60–1.83)	0.86	0.98 (0.56–1.74)	0.96
	C = 0.56		C = 0.63		C = 0.63		C = 0.72
Low muscle mass by BSA	1.77 (1.14–2.77)	0.01	1.06 (0.60–1.88)	0.84	1.11 (0.63–1.98)	0.71	1.06 (0.60–1.86)	0.85
	C = 0.58		C = 0.63		C = 0.64		C = 0.72
Low muscle mass by BMI	2.20 (1.39–3.46)	0.001	1.54 (0.87–2.73)	0.14	1.52 (0.86–2.68)	0.15	1.70 (0.94–3.05)	0.08
	C = 0.58		C = 0.62		C = 0.63		C = 0.73
Weakness*	2.42 (1.55–3.77)	0.001	2.04 (1.24–3.36)	0.01	2.10 (1.27–3.49)	0.004	1.68 (1.01–2.79)	0.04
	C = 0.60		C = 0.65		C = 0.66		C = 0.73
Slowness**	3.09 (1.97–4.86)	0.001	2.94 (1.79–4.80)	0.001	2.83 (1.72–4.65)	0.001	2.25 (1.36–3.74)	0.002
	C = 0.63		C = 0.68		C = 0.68		C = 0.74
Total muscle mass, handgrip strength, and gait speed (as continuous variables)†
Muscle mass/Height2, kg/m2	0.73 (0.57–0.94)	0.02	0.85 (0.64–1.12)	0.25	0.79 (0.59–1.07)	0.12	0.81 (0.61–1.08)	0.15
	C = 0.60		C = 0.64		C = 0.64		C = 0.73
Muscle mass/BW (x100), %	0.76 (0.60–0.97)	0.03	0.93 (0.60–1.45)	0.75	1.01 (0.64–1.60)	0.96	1.06 (0.67–1.68)	0.81
	C = 0.57		C = 0.63		C = 0.63		C = 0.72
Muscle mass/BSA, kg/m2	0.72 (0.57–0.90)	0.004	0.78 (0.52–1.16)	0.21	0.71 (0.47–1.08)	0.11	0.74 (0.50–1.10)	0.14
	C = 0.59		C = 0.63		C = 0.64		C = 0.73
Muscle mass/BMI, m2	0.89 (0.70–1.11)	0.31	1.30 (0.80–2.10)	0.28	1.39 (0.85–2.26)	0.19	1.29 (0.79–2.10)	0.31
	C = 0.52		C = 0.64		C = 0.65		C = 0.73
Handgrip strength, kg	0.64 (0.50–0.83)	0.001	0.57 (0.41–0.79)	0.001	0.55 (0.39–0.78)	0.001	0.67 (0.47–0.94)	0.02
	C = 0.60		C = 0.67		C = 0.68		C = 0.74
Gait speed, m/s	0.64 (0.48–0.84)	0.001	0.66 (0.48–0.91)	0.01	0.66 (0.48–0.91)	0.01	0.74 (0.54–1.03)	0.07
	C = 0.62		C = 0.66		C = 0.66		C = 0.72

Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, and race; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, race, and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease); Model 3: Further adjusted for serum albumin.

^*Weakness defined as handgrip strength <26 and <16 kg in men and women, respectively.

^**Slowness defined as gait speed ≤0.8 m/s.

^†HR per 1 standard deviation increase of muscle mass indexed to each criteria, handgrip strength, and gait speed