Table 1.

Effects in different fish species of different treatments eliciting changes in glucose levels (change) on food intake (FI), the response of hypothalamic glucosensing systems (sensing), and the mRNA abundance in hypothalamus of orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) and anorexigenic (POMC, CART) neuropeptides.

Treatment	Change	Dose	Time	Species	FI	Sensing	NPY	AgRP	POMC	CART	References
GLUCOSE
Oral	↑	1 g/mL	4 h	Rainbow trout	↓						Soengas and Aldegunde, 2004
IP	↑	500 mg/kg	3 h	Rainbow trout	▾						Ruibal et al., 2002
	↑	500 mg/kg	6 h	Rainbow trout		▴					Polakof et al., 2007a
	↑	500 mg/kg	6 h	Rainbow trout		▴	▾		▴	▴	Conde-Sieira et al., 2010b
	↑	500 mg/kg	6 h	Rainbow trout		▴					Conde-Sieira et al., 2012b
	↑	500 mg/kg	6 h	Rainbow trout		▴	≈	≈	↑	↑	Otero-Rodiño et al., 2015
	↑	500 mg/kg	2–5 days	Rainbow trout	↓	▴					Conde-Sieira et al., 2010a
	↑	500 mg/kg	1–10 days	Rainbow trout	↓	▴					Polakof et al., 2008a
ICV		100 ng/g	2 h	Catfish						▴	Subhedar et al., 2011
		4 μg/g	6 h	Rainbow trout		↑					Polakof and Soengas, 2008
In vitro	↑	2–8 mM	1 h	Rainbow trout		▴					Polakof et al., 2007b
	↑	2–8 mM	1 h	Rainbow trout		▴	▾		▴	▴	Aguilar et al., 2011
	↑	2–8 mM	1 h	Rainbow trout		↑	↓		≈	↑	Conde-Sieira et al., 2011
	↑	2–8 mM	1 h	Rainbow trout		↑	↓		≈	≈	Conde-Sieira et al., 2012a
	↑	2–8 mM	6 h	Rainbow trout		↑					Otero-Rodiño et al., 2016
Carbohydrate-enriched diet	↑	35–55% CHO	0.5 h	Goldfish	↓		↓				Narnaware and Peter, 2002
	↑	31% CHO	1–6 h	Rainbow trout			≈			↑	Figueiredo-Silva et al., 2012b
	↑	20% CHO	1–24 h	Rainbow trout		▴					Polakof et al., 2008c
	↑	20% CHO	1–10 days	Rainbow trout	↓	▴					Polakof et al., 2008b
	↑	20% CHO	1–10 days	Rainbow trout		▴					Polakof et al., 2008c
	↑	23% CHO	28 days	Rainbow trout	↓						Krogdahl et al., 2004
	↑	31% CHO	42 days	Rainbow trout	↓						Figueiredo-Silva et al., 2012b
	↑	31% CHO	42 days	Rainbow trout	↓						Figueiredo-Silva et al., 2013
	↑	27–46% CHO	48 days	Tilapia	↓						Saravanan et al., 2012
	↑	26% CHO	48 days	Tilapia	↓						Figueiredo-Silva et al., 2013
	≈	33% CHO	70 days	Gilthead sea bream	≈						Rocha et al., 2016
	↑	19% CHO	73 days	Sea bass	≈						Castro et al., 2015
	↑	30–40% CHO	84 days	Rainbow trout	↓						Suárez et al., 2002
	↑	38% CHO	126 days	Rainbow trout	↓						Kaushik et al., 1989
Carbohydrate-free diet	↓	<0.3% CHO	1–10 days	Rainbow trout	↑	↓					Polakof et al., 2008b
	↓	<0.3% CHO	1–10 days	Rainbow trout		▾					Polakof et al., 2008c
	↓	<0.1% CHO	28 days	Rainbow trout	↑						Sánchez-Muros et al., 1998
	↓	0.2% CHO	70 days	Rainbow trout	↑						Capilla et al., 2003

↑, Increase; ▴, strong increase; ↓, decrease; ▾, strong decrease; ≈, no changes; IP, intraperitoneal; ICV, intracerebroventricular; CHO, carbohydrate.