Table 3.

Effect of thymol in different experimental models of metabolic disorders and nephrotoxicity.

Dose	Model	Target/End points		Reference
		Increase	Decrease
Diabetes Mellitus
40 mg/kg	High fat diet induced C57BL/6J mice	Adiponectin, LCAT, LPL, HDL-C, CPT, ME, PAP	Body weight, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, insulin, glucose, leptin, HMG-CoA reductase, plasma and hepatic lipid profile, fatty acid β-oxidation, activities of G6PD and FAS	Saravanan and Pari, 2015
40 mg/kg	High fat diet induced C57BL/6J mice	Serum protein,, SOD, catalase, GPx, GRx, GST, GSH, vitamin-C, vitamin-E in erythrocyte and kidney	Blood glucose, insulin, BUN, creatinine, TBARS, LOOH, erythrocytes and kidney, total cholesterol, TGs, FFAs, PLs in kidney,, gene expressions of SREBP-1c, TGF-β1, VEGF, lipid accumulation	Saravanan and Pari, 2016
0.5–2.0 mg/ml	AAPH induced diabetic erythrocytes	Free radical scavenging	Lipid peroxidation, RBC hemolysis	Aman et al., 2013
Obesity
30 mg/kg	HFD-induced murine model	HDL-C levels, SOD and catalase in serum	Body weight, food intake, serum and hepatic function parameters and lipid profile	Haque et al., 2014
20 μM	3T3-L1 white adipocytes	Expressions of signaling molecules of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism	Cytotoxicity, LPL expression, TG accumulation	Choi et al., 2016
Nephrotoxicity
20 mg/kg	Cisplatin induced male adult Swiss albino rats	Antioxidants in kidney	Decrease creatinine and BUN, TNF-α, caspase-3 and MDA	El-Sayed et al., 2014
200–500 μM	MDCK cells	Ca2+, apoptosis, ROS	Cell viability	Chang et al., 2014
50 and 150 mg/kg	Cisplatin induced Swiss albino mice	Uptake of 99mTc-DMSA (dimer captosuccinic acid)	Tubular necrosis, degeneration, epithelial vacuolization, swelling	Hosseinimehr et al., 2015