Table 4.
Effect of thymol in different experimental models of gastrointestinal diseases.
| Dose | Model | Target/End points |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increase | Decrease | |||
| Colitis | ||||
| 0.05–0.4% | Male 7-week-old Balb/c mice | Epithelial necrosis, gland destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNFα, protein expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 | Bukovska et al., 2007 | |
| Ulcer | ||||
| 100 mg/kg | Adult male Albino Wistar rats | Mucus production, prostaglandins, ATP-sensitive K+ channels | Total lesion, mucus damage, epithelial cell loss, oedema, ulcer index | Ribeiro et al., 2016 |
| 100 μM 1.3 mg/kg | Female wistar rats C57BL/6 mice | Mucociliary clearnance | K+ and Ba2+ tracheal contraction | Begrow et al., 2010 |
| 10 mg/kg | Adult male Albino Wistar rats | SOD, GSH | Mucosal damage, folding of the internal elastic lamina of small arteries, neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, MPO, MMP-2 | Chauhan and Kang, 2015 |
| Other | ||||
| 10–100 μM | Large white, Landrace, Pietrain piglets | Short circuit current | Cl- and HCO3- secretion | Boudry and Perrier, 2008 |
| 0.015% | Adult male albino rats | Percentage of contraction | Hejazian et al., 2014 | |
| 0–2 mM | Myosin from fast skeletal muscles of Japanese white rabbits | S1 ATPase, acto-S1ATPase myosin cross bridges | Isometric force, velocity of shortening, isometric force | Tamura and Iwamoto, 2004 |
| 50 mg/kg | Male weaned pigs | Pancreatic digestion related genes including somatostatin receptor 2 and calpain 9, serotonin receptor 2A | Cation channel activity and gated channel activity gene transient receptor potential cation channels, ryanodine receptors 2 and 3, and some voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel genes, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 and 2 some large-conductance Ca2+ -activated potassium channel genes | Colombo et al., 2014 |
| Hepatotoxicity | ||||
| 30 mg/kg + hydrocortisone (5 mg/kg) | Male albino Wistar rats | Total protein, albumin, TAC, liver GSH | Serum AST, ALT, TOC, liver TBARS, TNF-α in the serum and liver | Aboelwafa and Yousef, 2015 |
| 300 mg/kg + CCl4 (5 ml/kg) | Male Swiss albino mice | SOD, GPx | MDA, serum ALT, fatty changes, necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration | Al-Malki, 2010 |
| 300 mg/kg + CCl4 (20 μl/kg) | Male Swiss albino mice | – | Serum ALT, MDA and TBARS in the liver, hepatocellular necrosis | Alam et al., 1999 |
| 150 mg/kg + paracetamol (640 mg/kg) | Male Swiss albino mice | Hepatic ALP, AST and ALT | Mortality, serum ALP, AST and ALT | Janbaz et al., 2003 |
| 0–50 μg/ml | Chang liver cells | MMP, GSH, Bcl2 | Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, ROS, MDA and Bax | Kim et al., 2014 |
| 125 mg/kg + CCl4 | CCl4 induced female Swiss OFFI mice | Serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase | Hepatic MDA | Jimenez et al., 1993 |
| 1 and 9.73 ml/kg | Albino Wistar rats of both sexes | Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, catalase, GPx, GRx | Cholesterol, TGs, lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase | Raskovic et al., 2015 |
| 25–100 μM | HepG2 cells | Cell viability, SOD and GSH | MDA, ALT, LDH, gene expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β | Palabiyik et al., 2016 |
| Other | ||||
| 50–200 mg/kg | Swiss albino mice | Phase I and II enzymes | Sasaki et al., 2005 | |