Table 8.

Effect of thymol in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases, reproductive and metal induced toxicity.

Dose	Model	Target/End points		Reference
		Increase	Decrease
Rheumatoid arthritis
100 mg/kg	Male Albino Wistar rats	SOD, catalase, GSH,	TBARS, NO, release of elastase, Ca2+ channels	Braga et al., 2006; Umar et al., 2012
Osteoarthritis
Diacerein and thymol (50 + 20.4 mg/kg)	Male albino Wistar rats (Rainsford’s cold stress model)	Lipophilicity, bioavailability, absorption	Oxidative stress, edema, ulcer index, synovitis, cellular infiltration, bone necrosis, connective tissue proliferation, adjacent tissue involvement	Dhaneshwar et al., 2013
Other
25 μg/ml	Jurkat leukemia cells	-	Levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, NFAT-2, c-FOS	Gholijani et al., 2015.
Male infertility
400 mg/kg	Male albino Wistar rats	Abnormal sperms	Sperm count, motility, testis weight	Surendra Kumar et al., 2011
100–500 μg/ml	Human spermatozoa	Abnormal sperms	Sperm count, sperm motility and vitality,	Chikhoune et al., 2015
Chromium induced toxicity
2.5 μg/ml	Isolated rat erythrocytes	SOD, catalase, GSH	MDA, hemolysis, erythrocyte destabilization	Abd-Elhakim and Mohamed, 2016
Arsenic and mercury induced toxicity
0–200 μM/L	Male Wistar rats	Resting tension and mean relaxation of aorta and trachea	Aortic and tracheal contractions, ROS, Ca2+ influx	Kundu et al., 2016
100 μM	Hgcl2 induced HepG2 cells	Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, SOD, catalase and GSH levels	Mirconucleated binucleated cell frequency, micronucleous frequency, percentage of tail DNA, DNA damage, apoptosis, necrosis, ROS generation, superoxide radicals, MDA levels	Shettigar et al., 2015