Table 2.
Summary of studies.
| Study | Type | Arms | Participants | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AVOID (2008) [97] | Multicenter RCT | ALI/LOS; Placebo/LOS | 599 with DM and nephropathy. | ALI significantly reduced UACR compared to placebo. Both arms showed similar BP reductions and AEs. |
| ALOFT (2008) [98] | Multicenter RCT | ALI 150; Placebo | 302 with NYHA class II-IV HF treated with an ACEI or ARB and a beta blocker. | Significant plasma NT-proBNP reductions were observed in the ALI arm compared to placebo. |
| ALLAY (2009) [99] | Multicenter RCT | ALI 300; LOS 100; ALI/LOS | 465 with hypertension, BMI > 25 kg/m2, and increased ventricular wall thickness. | In both ALI and LOS arms similar left ventricular mass reductions were observed. Their combination produced similar results with LOS monotherapy. |
| AVANT GARDE-TIMI 43 (2010) [100] | Multicenter RCT | ALI; VAL; ALI/VAL; Placebo | 1101 after acute coronary syndrome without evident HF. | All groups showed similar reductions of NT-proBNP levels. Active therapy groups had a higher incidence of AEs and similar clinical outcomes. |
| ASPIRE (2011) [101] | Multicenter RCT | ALI; Placebo | 820 post-MI, LVEF ≤ 45%, and regional wall motion abnormalities. | No change in left ventricular end-systolic volume was observed when ALI was added to standard treatment compared to placebo. |
| ALTITUDE (2012) [102] | Multicenter RCT | ACEI or ARB/ALI; ACEI or ARB/Placebo | 8562 with DM, and CKD, and/or CVD. | Discontinued due to higher incidence of AEs and non-fatal strokes in the ALI arm. |
| AQUARIUS (2013) [103] | Multicenter RCT | ALI 300; Placebo | 613 with coronary artery disease, prehypertension, and two additional CVD factors. | ALI compared with placebo did not improve or slow the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. |
| APOLLO (2014) [104] | Multicenter RCT | ALI/HCTZ or AML; ALI/Placebo; HCTZ or AML/Placebo; Placebo/Placebo | 1759 elders, SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and < 160 mm Hg. | Discontinued early. There may be a benefit for substantial CVD reduction with the use of multiple BP-lowering drugs in elder hypertensive individuals. |
| ASTRONAUT (2013) [105] | Multicenter RCT | ALI 150→300; Placebo | 1639 with a LVEF ≤ 40%, [BNP] ≥ 400 pg/mL or [NT-proBNP] ≥ 1600 pg/mL, and fluid overload symptoms. | ALI addition did not reduce cardiovascular death or HF rehospitalization compared to placebo, and had a higher incidence of AEs. |
| ATMOSPHERE (2016) [106] | Multicenter RCT | ENA 5 or 10; ALI 300; ENA/ALI | 7016 with HF and a reduced ejection fraction. | Noninferiority was not proved for ALI when compared to ENA for the outcome of death from a cardiovascular cause or hospitalization for HF. |