Table 1.

Representative microbial antibiotic resistance determinants identified from aquaculture systems.

Antibiotic Class	Antibiotic Resistance Gene	Aquaculture System or Fish Species	Reference
β-Lactam (e.g., Ampicillin, Amoxicillin)	blaTEM-52, blaSHV-12	Gilthead Seabream	Sousa et al. [55]
	blaTEM	Fish farms, Pakistan and Tanzania	Shah et al. [96]
Tetracycline (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline)	tetM, tetO, tetT, tetQ	Fish farms, Tianjin, and Guangdong, China	Gao et al. [64], Xiong et al. [65]
	tetM, tetS	Japanese and Korean coastal farms	Kim et al. [97]
	tetA, tetG	Chilean salmon	Shah et al. [98]
		Fish farms, Pakistan and Tanzania	Shah et al. [96]
	tetA	Marine aquaculture, Spain and Portugal	Rodriguez-Blanco et al. [99]
	tetA, tetB, tetK	Salmon aquaculture, Chile	Buschmann et al. [19]
Sulfonamide, sulfamethizole	sul1, sul2, sul3	Fish farms, Tianjin, China; farmed freshwater fish, Guangdong, China; Gilthead seabream	Sousa et al. [55], Gao et al. [64], Xiong et al. [65]
	sul1, sul2	Chilean salmon; fish farms, Tanzania and Pakistan	Shah et al. [96], Shah et al. [98]
Aminoglycoside (Streptomycin, spectinomycin, neomycin)	aadA strA-strB	Chilean salmon, fish farms, Tanzania and Pakistan; catfish farm, Vietnam; carp farms, Poland	Shah et al. [96], Shah et al. [98], Nguyen et al. [100], Piotrowska et al. [101]
	aad1	Gilthead Seabream	Sousa et al. [55]
Amphenicol (chloramphenicol, florfenicol)	cmlA	Gilthead Seabream	Sousa et al. [55]
	cat-1	Fish farms, Tanzania and Pakistan	Shah et al. [96]
	floR	Salmon aquaculture, Chile	Buschmann et al. [19]
	catB	Catfish farm, Vietnam	Nguyen, et al. [100]
Quinolones (oxolinic acid, ciproflaxin)	qepA, oqxAB, qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib, qnrB, qnrD	Farmed freshwater fish, Guangdong, China	Shah et al. [98], Jiang et al. [102]
	qnrA, qnrB, qnrS	Salmon aquaculture, Chile	Buschmann et al. [19]
Macrolides (erythromycin)	mefA	Fish farms, Tanzania	Shah et al. [96]
	ermC, ermE, ermX, ermC	Carp farms, Poland	Piotrowska et al. [101]
Trimethoprim	dfrA1, dfrA5, dftA12	Chilean salmon; fish farms, Tanzania and Pakistan	Shah et al. [96], Shah et al. [98]
	dfrA12	Catfish farm, Vietnam	Nguyen et al. [100]
Quinoxoline 1, 4-di-N-oxides (carbadox, olaquindox, mequindox)	oqxA	Salmon aquaculture, Chile	Buschmann et al. [19]