Table 1.
Demographic characteristics by Dietary Inflammatory Index Score (DII), NHANES 2007–20121
| Total sample | Quintile of DII score1
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=11,592 | Q1 (N=2,511) | Q2 (N=2,460) | Q3 (N=2,296) | Q4 (N=2,144) | Q5 (N=2,181) | P trend† | |
| Age (%) | 0.0033 | ||||||
| 20 to <40 | 36.5 | 35.8 | 33.5 | 36.9 | 35.9 | 36.5 | |
| 40 to <65 | 46.7 | 48.9 | 48.8 | 47.2 | 45.9 | 46.7 | |
| 65 and older | 16.8 | 15.3 | 17.7 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 16.8 | |
| Male (%) | 48.0 | 65.4 | 51.6 | 44.1 | 37.9 | 31.9 | <.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 70.9 | 75.4 | 73.9 | 69.0 | 68.6 | 64.6 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.7 | 6.8 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 12.9 | 17.0 | |
| Hispanic | 12.7 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 13.6 | |
| Other or Multi-race/ethnicity | 5.7 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 4.8 | |
| Poverty-Income Ratio (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| <1.00 | 14.6 | 9.8 | 11.4 | 13.9 | 16.4 | 25.1 | |
| 1.00 to <4.00 | 47.5 | 39.6 | 45.1 | 49.4 | 55.8 | 52.0 | |
| 4.00 and above | 37.9 | 50.6 | 43.5 | 36.7 | 27.8 | 22.9 | |
| Education (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| <High school | 16.5 | 9.0 | 13.8 | 17.0 | 19.2 | 27.9 | |
| High school or equivalent | 22.7 | 17.1 | 20.7 | 22.2 | 27.9 | 28.8 | |
| Associates degree or some college | 30.9 | 29.0 | 31.9 | 31.1 | 32.8 | 30.1 | |
| College grad and above | 30.0 | 44.8 | 33.5 | 29.7 | 20.1 | 13.3 | |
| Marital status (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Married or living with partner | 63.1 | 67.4 | 67.6 | 63.9 | 57.9 | 55.0 | |
| Never married | 19.0 | 18.3 | 16.3 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 22.2 | |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 17.8 | 14.3 | 16.1 | 16.7 | 21.9 | 22.8 | |
| Employment status (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Employed | 61.6 | 68.7 | 63.2 | 65.1 | 56.8 | 49.3 | |
| Not working | 35.0 | 27.7 | 33.9 | 31.4 | 39.9 | 46.9 | |
| Not working and looking for work | 3.4 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.7 | |
| Smoking status (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Never | 54.8 | 57.6 | 55.5 | 58.3 | 54.1 | 46.2 | |
| Former | 24.8 | 29.2 | 28.1 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 17.9 | |
| Current | 20.3 | 13.3 | 16.4 | 19.2 | 22.3 | 36.0 | |
| Health insurance status (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Private | 64.3 | 72.7 | 67.7 | 65.5 | 58.3 | 51.9 | |
| Subsidized | 17.1 | 11.9 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 19.9 | 24.3 | |
| Uninsured | 18.5 | 15.4 | 16.1 | 18.0 | 21.8 | 23.8 | |
| Menopause‡ (%) | 46.2 | 45.2 | 48.2 | 47.2 | 46.3 | 44.0 | 0.6699 |
| Supplement use (%) | 52.7 | 62.5 | 57.6 | 49.6 | 48.1 | 39.6 | <.0001 |
| Body Mass Index (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
| <18.5 (kg/m2) | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | |
| 18.5 to <25.0 (kg/m2) | 29.0 | 32.5 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 27.4 | 26.7 | |
| 25.0 to <30.0 (kg/m2) | 33.5 | 36.3 | 35.5 | 33.1 | 30.6 | 30.3 | |
| 30.0 and above (kg/m2) | 36.0 | 29.8 | 34.4 | 37.8 | 40.4 | 41.2 | |
| Physical Activity, mean (±95% CI), MET-min/week | 3543 (±180) | 3897 (±611) | 3688 (±572) | 3530 (±548) | 3302 (±540) | 3072 (±462) | 0.033 |
| Sedentary time§ (%) | 0.0034 | ||||||
| Low | 31.9 | 30.6 | 30.6 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 32.5 | |
| Medium | 34.9 | 31.8 | 35.7 | 37.0 | 34.1 | 36.6 | |
| High | 33.2 | 37.5 | 33.6 | 29.7 | 32.6 | 30.9 | |
| Total energy intake, mean (±95% CI), kcal/day | 2105 (±27) | 2719 (±70) | 2281 (±54) | 2018 (±57) | 1743 (±56) | 1409 (±43) | <.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Any comorbidity | 59.3 | 59.4 | 59.8 | 58.2 | 58.2 | 61.2 | 0.7173 |
| Hypertension¶ (%) | 30.8 | 28.5 | 31.0 | 30.3 | 33.5 | 31.4 | 0.1661 |
| Hyperlipidemia¶ (%) | 32.9 | 34.1 | 34.4 | 33.7 | 33.0 | 27.7 | 0.0251 |
| Diabetes¶ (%) | 8.6 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 10.2 | 0.0128 |
| Cardiovascular disease¶ (%) | 8.0 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 0.0006 |
| Respiratory disease¶ (%) | 18.3 | 15.2 | 16.6 | 18.2 | 17.6 | 26.2 | <.0001 |
| Cancer¶ (%) | 9.6 | 10.7 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 0.3914 |
| Poor mental health | |||||||
| Depression | 8.1 | 3.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 10.7 | 14.9 | <.0001 |
| Frequent mental distress | 12.4 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 20.5 | <.0001 |
| Frequent anxiety | 17.7 | 13.4 | 17.1 | 16.8 | 19.3 | 24.4 | <.0001 |
1
Quintiles determined using entire NHANES 2007 to 2012 cohorts before dropping cases with missing observation for study variables
†
Rao-Scott chi-square and F test
‡
Out of a total of 5,940 women
§
Defined using NHANES survey cycle weighted population distribution tertiles of self-report minutes of sedentary time per day
¶
If an individual reported any of these health conditions they were classified as having at least one comorbidity, regardless of whether they had missing data for other health conditions. Thus in this table, while distributions for specific comorbidities by DII quintile is provided, the total N varies.