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Glutamate can be converted by one of two different pathways into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), and the choice of which pathway is influenced both by oncogene input and cell proliferation and metabolic state. GLS, kidney-type glutaminase; GLS2, liver-type glutaminase; GLUD, glutamate dehydrogenase; ISR, integrated stress response; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
