Table 3.

Antidotal Effects of Chrysin Against Respiratory and Neurotoxicity.

Antidote	Toxin	Experimental Study	Mechanism	References
	STZ	Rat	Prevention of neurotoxicity via increasing antioxidant content and decreasing lipid peroxidation	5
	Formalin	Rat	Prevention of pain via decreasing CORT and NA	13
CH	OVA	Mice	Protective effects in a murine asthmatic model via inhibiting the total inflammatory cell and eosinophil counts in BALF and IgE levels in serum of sensitized mice, shift the immune response toward a Th1 profile via modulating the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3	68
	OVA	Rat	Protective effects in a murine asthmatic model via modulation due to suppression effects on iNOS and NF-κB	69
	BLC	Rat	Prevention of histological changes such as alveolar congestion, increased connective tissue, infiltration, and the thickness of alveolar via modulating antioxidant and inflammatory system	71
	CS	Mice	Prevention of airway inflammation, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) release, and MPO expression via inhibiting the expression of phosphorylation ERK and p38	72
	Formalin and carrageenan	Rat	Prevention of pain and edema via decreasing inflammation due to high binding to COX-2	73
	LPS	Microglia cells	Prevention of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 via inhibiting the c-JNK and NF-kB	19
	STZ	Rat	Prevention of DACD via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic cascades	74

Abbreviations: BLC, bleomycin; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CORT, corticosterone; c-JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; CS, cigarette smoke; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; DACD, diabetes-associated cognitive decline; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IgE, immunoglobulin E; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NA, noradrenalin; NO, nitric oxide; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; OVA, ovalbumin; STZ, streptozotocin; Th1, T-helper type 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.