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Voice production.
Notes: (A) Sound production for the intact vocal tract is dependent upon the presence of three elements: air generator, vibrating apparatus, and articulating tract; (B) total laryngectomy removes the vibrating apparatus and redirects the air stream, significantly impacting vocal abilities. Copyright©2015. Elsevier. Adapted from Tang CG, Sinclair CF. Voice restoration after total laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2015;48(4):687–702.46
