| ∆y | Excess mortality attributable to pollutant exposures |
| β | Concentration–response coefficient from epidemiological studies (increase in mortality per unit increase in pollutant concentration) |
| ∆x | Change in air quality, taken here as the modeled pollutant concentrations |
| y0 | Baseline mortality rates |
| Pop | The affected population, i.e., the number of people exposed to PM2.5 pollution |
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