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. 2017 Jun 26;7:4260. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04664-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dose relationship between erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) usage and serum hepcidin level. S.E., standard error; EPO-E, epoetin-equivalent. *Meant P < 0.05 when compared to ESA non-use group. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and it confidence interval (CI) for high serum hepcidin were calculated by using multivariable logistic regression entering age, sex, ever smoking, hypertension, diabetes, stage of chronic kidney disease, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, iron supplements, white blood cells, C-reactive protein, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, albumin, cholesterol and bilirubin as covariates.