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. 2017 Jun 26;7:4244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03779-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustrations of the different modes of cell migration on the PDMS microgroove structures and time-lapse images of (a) RWPE1 (non-cancerous; persistent) and (b) RWPE2 (cancerous; non-persistent) cell migration along the groove walls (the dotted white lines in each image), as well as (c) PC3 (cancerous) cell climbing over the walls. Colored arrows point to notable cells in each image. (Scale bar, 20 μm) (d) Speed and (e) persistence length measurements of various non-cancerous and cancerous epithelial cell types on the flat surfaces and at the corners of the microgrooves. Numbers above the bars represent the quantitative effect of topography as the ratio between the groove and flat measurements. “Climb” signifies that the cell type could climb over 40-µm-high walls. Error bars are SEM (N = 5 trials with 10–20 cells quantified per trial).