Table 1.

Sample characteristics

Characteristic	Chronic Multisite Pain (N=70)	No Pain (N=70)	p-value*
Age ≥ 50 (N, %)	37 (52.9%)	37 (52.9%)	1
Female sex (N, %)	22 (31.4%)	18 (25.7%)	0.57
Race (N, %)			0.93
Black	40 (57.1%)	38 (54.3%)
White	29 (41.4%)	31 (44.3%)
Other/unknown	1 (1.4%)	1 (1.4%)
CD4+ T-lymphocyte count (cells/mL) (median, IQR)	624 (435–889)	688 (408–879)	0.98
PHQ-9 ≥ 10 (moderate or greater depressive symptoms) (N, %)	33 (48.5%)	0 (0%)	<0.0001
PHQ-9 total score (median, IQR)	9 (5–14)	0 (0–2)	<0.0001
PHQ-9 somatic score (median, IQR)	5 (2.5–8)	0 (0–1)	<0.0001
PHQ-9 non-somatic score (median, IQR)	4 (1–6.5)	0 (0–0)	<0.0001
Substance use (cocaine, methamphetamine, non-medical use of opioids)			0.02
Current	9 (14.3%)	5 (7.6%)
Prior	27 (42.9%)	17 (25.8%)
Never	27 (42.9%)	44 (66.7%)
Prescribed anti-inflammatory medications
Statins (N, %)	30 (42.9%)	24 (34.3%)	0.39
Corticosteroids (N, %)	3 (4.3%)	0 (0%)	0.24
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (N, %)	19 (27.1%)	9 (12.9%)	0.06
Prescribed opioid medications (N, %)	21 (30.0%)	1 (1.4%)	<0.0001
Pain locations (median, IQR) (not mutually exclusive, does not include “pain everywhere”)	4 (3–5)
Numbness/tingling in hands and/or feet (N, %)	57 (81.4%)
Headache (N, %)	34 (48.6%)
Abdominal pain (N, %)	25 (35.7%)
Low back pain (N, %)	60 (85.7%)
Hip pain (N, %)	26 (37.1%)
Shoulder pain (N, %)	38 (54.3%)
Knee pain (N, %)	46 (65.7%)
Pain “everywhere in your body”	23 (32.9%)
Cytokines
IL-1β	0.63 (0.05–1.77)	0.15 (0.05–0.64)	0.02
IL-6	0.72 (0.44–1.35)	0.65 (0.44–0.98)	0.35
TNF-α	2.90 (2.12–3.74)	2.66 (2.13–3.49)	0.45
Eotaxin	134 (103–209)	126 (91–188)	0.09
IL-15	2.47 (1.92–3.25)	2.39 (1.92–2.92)	0.35
Leptin ng/mL	20.0 (11.4–39.2)	18.2 (9.7–30.0)	0.46

^*Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. All assay results are reported in ng/mL.

Missing data: CD4+ T-cell count 12, PHQ-9 3, PHQ-Anxiety 1, Substance Use 11