Table 1.
Summary of sample characteristics for plover species and populations included in genetic differentiation analyses
| Species | Subspecies | Population (Map number | Loc Prior) | Latitude, longitude | N | Breeding range size (Km2) | Mating system | Migratory status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piping plover | circumcinctus | Prairie North (1 | A) | 53.2, –110.8 | 6 | 221,000 | Monogamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius melodus | circumcinctus | Prairie South (2 | B) | 51.4, –106.0 | 18 | |||
| Miller et al. 2010 | circumcinctus | Great Plains North (3 | C) | 47.6, –102.1 | 24 | |||
| circumcinctus | Great Plains South (4 | D) | 42.8, –97.4 | 23 | ||||
| circumcinctus | Great Lakes (5 | E) | 45.8, –85.6 | 13 | ||||
| melodus | Atlantic Canada (6 | F) | 45.9, –63.4 | 66 | ||||
| melodus | Atlantic USA (7 | G) | 39.6, –73.8 | 70 | ||||
| Mountain plover | N/A | Northern (8 | A) | 47.9, –107.9 | 21 | 759,000 | Polygamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius montanus | Central (9 | B) | 40.8, –104.0 | 34 | ||||
| Oyler‐McCance et al. 2008 | Montane (10 | C) | 39.3, –106.0 | 15 | ||||
| Southern (11 | D) | 37.9, –103.1 | 24 | |||||
| killdeer plover | vociferus | Summer Lake (12 | A) | 42.8, –120.8 | 24 | 9,100,000 | Monogamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius vociferous | vociferus | Honey Lake (13 | B) | 40.3, –120.3 | 25 | |||
| (this study) | vociferus | Ceuta (14 | C) | 23.9, –106.9 | 26 | |||
| snowy plover | nivosus | Utah (15 | A) | 41.2, –112.3 | 25 | 1,600,000 | Polygamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius nivosus | nivosus | San Quintín (16 | B) | 30.6, –116.0 | 22 | |||
| (this study) | nivosus | Florida (17 | C) | 29.9, –85.5 | 43 | |||
| nivosus | Ceuta (18 | D) | 23.9, –106.9 | 25 | ||||
| nivosus | Nayarit (19 | E) | 22.4, –105.6 | 8 | ||||
| nivosus | Texcoco (20 | F) | 19.5, –99.0 | 23 | ||||
| common ringed plover | tundrae | Lapland (21 | A) | 68.4, 18.5 | 9 | 4,530,000 | Monogamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius hiaticula | tundrae | Varanger (22 | B) | 70.3, 30.7 | 12 | |||
| (this study) | tundrae | Northern Europe (23 | C) | 67.7, 63.6 | 7 | |||
| tundrae | Taimyr (24 | D) | 72.9, 105.9 | 16 | ||||
| tundrae | North east Chukotka (25 | E) | 67.1, –174.5 | 10 | ||||
| tundrae | East central Chukotka (26 | F) | 64.7, 177.8 | 11 | ||||
| tundrae | South east Chukotka (27 | G) | 62.5, 177.0 | 23 | ||||
| hiaticula | S.Sweden (28 | H) | 57.3, 12.1 | 25 | ||||
| hiaticula | Belarus (29 | I) | 52.1, 27.7 | 12 | ||||
| Kentish plover | alexandrinus | Doñana (30 | A) | 36.4, –6.4 | 25 | 13,600,000 | Polygamous | Migratory |
| Charadrius alexandrinus | alexandrinus | Fuente de Piedra (31 | B) | 37.1, –4.8 | 25 | |||
| Küpper et al. 2012 | alexandrinus | Gharifa (32 | C) | 35.2, –6.4 | 11 | |||
| alexandrinus | Samouco (33 | D) | 38.7, –8.9 | 25 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Beltringharder Koog (34 | E) | 54.5, 8.9 | 13 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Kujalnik (35 | F) | 46.8, 30.6 | 15 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Tuzla (36 | G) | 36.7, 35.1 | 25 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Al Wathba (37 | H) | 24.3, 54.6 | 25 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Lake Eton (38 | I) | 49.1, 46.7 | 14 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Xinjiang (39 | J) | 47.7, 87.5 | 7 | ||||
| alexandrinus | Bohai (40 | K) | 39.1, 118.2 | 5 | ||||
| Kittlitz's plover | N/A | Senegal 41 | Z) | 16.4, –16.3 | 13 | Polygamous | Resident | |
| Charadrius pecuarius | Gabon (42 | Y) | –0.5, 10.0 | 8 | ||||
| dos Remedios 2013 | Kenya (43 | X) | –0.5, 36.3 | 28 | ||||
| (African mainland) | Tanzania (44 | W) | –2.9, 35.9 | 2 | ||||
| Eberhart‐Phillips et al. 2015 | Namibia (45 | V) | –18.9, 16.4 | 2 | ||||
| (Madagascar) | Namakia (54 | A) | –15.9, 45.8 | 29 | 587,000 | |||
| Tsiribihina Delta (56 | B) | –19.7, 44.4 | 4 | |||||
| Kirindy Mite (57 | C) | –20.9, 43.9 | 5 | |||||
| Fanjakana (58 | D) | –21.7, 45.1 | 3 | |||||
| Mangoky (59 | E) | –21.7, 43.4 | 2 | |||||
| Morombe (60 | E) | –21.8, 43.4 | 2 | |||||
| Andavadoaka (61 | E) | –22.1, 43.3 | 28 | |||||
| Ifaty (62 | F) | –23.2, 43.6 | 2 | |||||
| Toliara Tsiongobory (63 | F) | –23.3, 43.6 | 2 | |||||
| Tsimanampetsotsa (66 | G) | –24.0, 43.7 | 30 | |||||
| Nosimborona (68 | G) | –25.1, 44.1 | 2 | |||||
| Madagascar plover | N/A | Boanamary (51 | A) | –15.8, 46.3 | 2 | 11,100 | Monogamous | Resident |
| Charadrius thoracicus | Mahavavy (52 | A) | –15.8, 45.8 | 13 | ||||
| Eberhart‐Phillips et al. 2015 | Marambitsy (53 | A) | –15.9, 45.7 | 17 | ||||
| Ankazobe (55 | B) | –17.3, 44.1 | 3 | |||||
| Kirindy Mite (57 | C) | –20.9 43.9 | 7 | |||||
| Mangoky (59 | C) | –21.7, 43.4 | 3 | |||||
| Andavadoaka (61 | D) | –22.1, 43.3 | 24 | |||||
| Ifaty (62 | E) | –23.2, 43.6 | 4 | |||||
| Anakao (64 | F) | –23.7, 43.7 | 3 | |||||
| Besambay (65 | F) | –24.0, 43.7 | 5 | |||||
| Tsimanampetsotsa (66 | F) | –24.0, 43.7 | 28 | |||||
| Andranomasy (67 | F) | –24.2, 43.7 | 3 | |||||
| white‐fronted plover | marginatus | Namibia (49 | Z) | –22.6, 14.5 | 18 | Monogamous | Resident | |
| Charadrius marginatus | marginatus | South Africa (50 | Y) | –34.1, 18.4 | 11 | |||
| dos Remedios 2013 (African mainland) | tenellus | Marambitsy (53 | A) | –15.9, 45.7 | 39 | 206,300 | ||
| Eberhart‐Phillips et al. 2015 | tenellus | Namikia (54 | A) | –15.9, 45.8 | 3 | |||
| (Madagascar) | tenellus | Kirindy Mite (57 | B) | –20.7, 43.9 | 18 | |||
| tenellus | Fanjakana (58 | C) | –21.7, 45.1 | 3 | ||||
| tenellus | Andavadoaka (61 | D) | –22.1, 43.3 | 32 | ||||
| tenellus | Tsimanampetsotsa (66 | E) | –24.1, 43.8 | 24 | ||||
| chestnut banded plover | venustus | Kenya (46 | A) | –1.9, 36.3 | 12 | 301,000 | Monogamous | Resident |
| Charadrius pallidus | venustus | Tanzania (47 | A) | –2.9, 35.9 | 12 | |||
| Eberhart‐Phillips et al. 2015 | pallidus | Namibia (48 | B) | –22.6, 14.5 | 39 |
Mating system references are provided in Table S3. Information on breeding range size, mating system and migratory status are provided at species level. White‐fronted and Kittlitz's plover mainland Africa populations were used only to corroborate spatial patterns found on Madagascar where sampling was more fine scale. Breeding range size for white‐fronted plover and Kittlitz's plover refers only to Madagascar, not Africa mainland. Loc Prior = different letters correspond to different location prior groupings.