. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2016 Nov-Dec;24(6):416–436. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000111

Table 1.

Comparison of Effects of Feeding Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus When Peptide Is Deleted or Injected, When Neurons Are Stimulated, or in Response to Exogenously Applied Hormones

	Peptide KO	Exogenous application of peptide	Neuron stimulation/activation	Effects of exogenously applied leptin	Effects of ghrelin	Effects of CORT
General effect of hormone in body				↓ FI ↑ EE (T) ↓ hyperactivity ^21,74	↑ FI^75,76,77 ↑ LMA⁴⁸	↑ FI ↑ LMA/foraging ⁶⁵
Neuropeptide
AgRP	= BW⁷⁸	↑ FI ↑ LMA ^79,80,81	↑ FI ↓ EE ^82,83	↓^84,85,86,87	↑^88,89,90	↑^91,92,93
NPY	= BW⁷⁸	↑ FI ↑ LMA ^79,80,81	Similar to AgRP	↓ ^84,85,86	↑^88,94	↑^91,95
POMC	↑ FI⁹⁶ ↑ BW ↓ LMA ⁹⁷	↓ FI^98,99,100	↓ FI ↑ EE ^{83,87,101,102}	↑ ^87,103,104	↓¹⁰⁵	↓^87,106
Beta-endorphins	↑ FI ↑ BW ¹⁰⁷	↑ FI¹⁰⁸	Similar to POMC	Similar to POMC	↓¹⁰⁹	Similar to POMC
CART	—	↓ FI ↓ BW ^95,110 ↑ T¹¹¹	↑ T^112,113	↑^{39,114,115,116}	↑¹¹⁷	↑^93,112,113
Orexin	↓ FI ↓ BW ↓ LMA ↓ T ^118,119,120	↑ FI ^{121,122,123,124}	↑ FI ↑ EE ¹²⁵ ↑ LMA ^126,127	=^119,128	↑^{119,128,129,130}	↑⁹³
MCH	↓ BW^131,132,133	↑ FI ^134,135,136	↑ FI ↓ EE ¹³⁵	↓¹³⁷	=¹³⁷	=^138,139
CRH	= FI =BW ¹⁴⁰	↓ FI ↑ EE ^141,142	↓ FI ↑ LMA ¹⁴³	↑^144,145	↑¹⁴⁶	↓¹⁴⁶
Serotonin	—	↓ FI ^147,148	↓ FI ^{149,150,151,152}	↑¹⁵³	↓¹⁵⁴	—
Dopamine	↓ FI¹⁵⁵	↑ FI ↓ BW ¹⁵⁶	↑FI^75,76,77	↓^157,158,159	↑¹⁶⁰	Inconclusive

AgRP, agouti-related peptide; BW, body weight; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; EE, energy expenditure; FI, food intake; KO, knockout; LMA, locomotor activity; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; RWA, running-wheel activity; T, thermogenesis. Studies were performed in rats, mice, or humans. Reference numbers for studies not using an animal model (65, 84, 119, and 157) are printed in plain type.