. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2016 Nov-Dec;24(6):416–436. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000111

Table 2.

Comparison of Expression Levels of the Feeding Neuropeptides of the Hypothalamus in Fasted and Disease States

Peptide/hormone	State of negative energy balance	Anorexia nervosa	Activity-based anorexia rodent model
AgRP	↑^{92,93,130,178}	↑²²¹	↑↑¹⁷⁸
NPY	↑¹⁷⁸	↑²²¹	↑↑¹⁷⁸
POMC	↓^{87,104,178,203}	↓²³⁶	↓¹⁷⁸
beta-endorphins	↑²⁰⁵	↑^204,207	↑²⁰⁶
CART	Similar to POMC	Similar to POMC	↓¹⁷⁸
Orexin	=¹⁷⁸	↑²²²	↑¹⁷⁸
MCH	=¹⁷⁸	—	↑¹⁷⁸
CRH	Inconclusive	↑^{237,238,239,240}	↑^67,178,234
Serotonin	↓²⁴¹	↓²⁴²	↓³³
Dopamine	↓^75,77	↓ ↑ receptor density ^243,244	↑^33,245
Leptin	↓²⁴⁶	↓^{43,44,45,46,47}	↓^21,178
Ghrelin	↑^52,53	↑^54,55	↑⁵⁶
CORT	↑⁶⁷	↑^59,60,61,63	↑⁶⁷
Effects of exogenously applied leptin	↓ FI ↑ EE ^87,101	Expected to ameliorate hyperactivity and depression²⁴⁷	↓ hyperactivity^21,43,248
Effects of ghrelin	↑ activity AgRP and orexin neurons^92,93	↑ FI⁵⁷	↑ hyperactivity⁵⁶
Effects of CORT	↑ activity AgRP and orexin neurons^92,93	—	—

AgRP, agouti-related peptide; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CORT, cortisol or corticosterone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; EE, energy expenditure; FI, food intake; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin. Studies were performed in rats, mice, or humans.